Tuesday, January 21, 2020

Birmingham, Alabama Demonstrations of 1963 :: Civil Rights Movement

The topic we researched was the demonstrations that occurred in Birmingham, Alabama in 1963. These demonstrations stemmed from rising racial tensions in the area. African American people cried out for equality and when their cries were not answered they took the next step and participated in numerous demonstrations in 1963. The topics concerning the demonstrations and events that occurred in Birmingham that were most commonly written about in 1963 are lunch counter demonstrations, marches, a boycott of four variety store chains, church bombings, and the arrest of Martin Luther King, Jr. Most of these events revolved around Martin Luther King, Jr. making him appear to be the central figure in Alabama and in the south at that time. -Lunch Counter Demonstrations: These demonstrations occurred when groups of African Americans would go to a lunch counter and stay there until they received service or the lunch counter closed down (â€Å"The South† 30). These demonstrations were not widely discussed among many newspapers or magazines except for Time Magazine. -Marches: Marches were a larger scale demonstration. Very large groups of African Americans would assemble and march together to a certain destination. A good example of a march is when Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. led a march on downtown stores in Birmingham to protest segregation. Even though the march was peaceful Martin Luther King, Jr. was still arrested for participating in the march (Hailey 70). Not only is this discussed in The New York Times but it is also discussed in The Atlanta University Review of Race and Culture. The Atlanta University Review of Race and Culture states that during his time in prison he also wrote a very influential letter that stated his feelings and concerns on the current state of America (Colaiaco 10). - Boycott of four variety store chains: Martin Luther King, Jr. planned and held a nation wide of four variety store chains. The boycott originated in Birmingham and the chains that were selected all had stores in Birmingham that segregated against Blacks. These stores depended on the revenue generated by black customers, so the boycotts damaged their business (â€Å"Four Chains Target of Racial Boycott† 20). - Church Bombings: In Birmingham, in 1963, there were numerous bombings within the area. There were over twenty bombings devastating the Birmingham area.

Monday, January 13, 2020

Deception Point Page 55

A leviathan was rising from the water beside the iceberg, breaching the surface with an ominous hiss. Like some mythical sea monster, it came-sleek, black, and lethal, with water foaming around it. Tolland forced himself to blink his eyes. His vision cleared slightly. The beast was close, bumping up against the ice like a huge shark butting a small boat. Massive, it towered before him, its skin shimmering and wet. As the hazy image went black, all that was left were the sounds. Metal on metal. Teeth gnashing at the ice. Coming closer. Dragging bodies away. Rachel†¦ Tolland felt himself being grabbed roughly. And then everything went blank. 64 Gabrielle Ashe was at a full jog when she entered the third-floor production room of ABC News. Even so, she was moving slower than everyone else in the room. The intensity in production was at a fever pitch twenty-four hours a day, but at the moment the cubicle grid in front of her looked like the stock exchange on speed. Wild-eyed editors screamed to one another over the tops of their compartments, fax-waving reporters darted from cubicle to cubicle comparing notes, and frantic interns inhaled Snickers and Mountain Dew between errands. Gabrielle had come to ABC to see Yolanda Cole. Usually Yolanda could be found in production's high-rent district-the glass-walled private offices reserved for the decision makers who actually required some quiet to think. Tonight, however, Yolanda was out on the floor, in the thick of it. When she saw Gabrielle, she let out her usual shriek of exuberance. â€Å"Gabs!† Yolanda was wearing a batik body-wrap and tortoiseshell glasses. As always, several pounds of garish costume jewelry were draped off her like tinsel. Yolanda waddled over, waving. â€Å"Hug!† Yolanda Cole had been a content editor with ABC News in Washington for sixteen years. A freckle-faced Pole, Yolanda was a squat, balding woman whom everyone affectionately called â€Å"Mother.† Her matronly presence and good humor disguised a street-savvy ruthlessness for getting the story. Gabrielle had met Yolanda at a Women in Politics mentoring seminar she'd attended shortly after her arrival in Washington. They'd chatted about Gabrielle's background, the challenges of being a woman in D.C., and finally about Elvis Presley-a passion they were surprised to discover they shared. Yolanda had taken Gabrielle under her wing and helped her make connections. Gabrielle still stopped by every month or so to say hello. Gabrielle gave her a big hug, Yolanda's enthusiasm already lifting her spirits. Yolanda stepped back and looked Gabrielle over. â€Å"You look like you aged a hundred years, girl! What happened to you?† Gabrielle lowered her voice. â€Å"I'm in trouble, Yolanda.† â€Å"That's not the word on the street. Sounds like your man is on the rise.† â€Å"Is there some place we can talk in private?† â€Å"Bad timing, honey. The President is holding a press conference in about half an hour, and we still haven't a clue what it's all about. I've got to line up expert commentary, and I'm flying blind.† â€Å"I know what the press conference is about.† Yolanda lowered her glasses, looking skeptical. â€Å"Gabrielle, our correspondent inside the White House is in the dark on this one. You say Sexton's campaign has advance knowledge?† â€Å"No, I'm saying I have advance knowledge. Give me five minutes. I'll tell you everything.† Yolanda glanced down at the red White House envelope in Gabrielle's hand. â€Å"That's a White House internal. Where'd you get that?† â€Å"In a private meeting with Marjorie Tench this afternoon.† Yolanda stared a long moment. â€Å"Follow me.† Inside the privacy of Yolanda's glass-walled cubicle, Gabrielle confided in her trusted friend, confessing to a one-night affair with Sexton and the fact that Tench had photographic evidence. Yolanda smiled broadly and shook her head laughing. Apparently she had been in Washington journalism so long that nothing shocked her. â€Å"Oh, Gabs, I had a hunch you and Sexton had probably hooked up. Not surprising. He's got a reputation, and you're a pretty girl. Too bad about the photos. I wouldn't worry about it, though.† Don't worry about it? Gabrielle explained that Tench had accused Sexton of taking illegal bribes from space companies and that Gabrielle had just overheard a secret SFF meeting confirming that fact! Again Yolanda's expression conveyed little surprise or concern-until Gabrielle told her what she was thinking of doing about it. Yolanda now looked troubled. â€Å"Gabrielle, if you want to hand over a legal document saying you slept with a U.S. senator and stood by while he lied about it, that's your business. But I'm telling you, it's a very bad move for you. You need to think long and hard about what it could mean for you.† â€Å"You're not listening. I don't have that kind of time!† â€Å"I am listening, and sweetheart, whether or not the clock is ticking, there are certain things you just do not do. You do not sell out a U.S. senator in a sex scandal. It's suicide. I'm telling you, girl, if you take down a presidential candidate, you better get in your car and drive as far from D.C. as possible. You'll be a marked woman. A lot of people spend a lot of money to put candidates at the top. There's big finances and power at stake here-the kind of power people kill for.† Gabrielle fell silent now. â€Å"Personally,† Yolanda said, â€Å"I think Tench was leaning on you in hopes you'd panic and do something dumb-like bail out and confess to the affair.† Yolanda pointed to the red envelope in Gabrielle's hands. â€Å"Those shots of you and Sexton don't mean squat unless you or Sexton admit they're accurate. The White House knows if they leak those photos, Sexton will just claim they're phony and throw them back in the president's face.† â€Å"I thought of that, but still the campaign finance bribery issue is-â€Å" â€Å"Honey, think about it. If the White House hasn't gone public yet with bribery allegations, they probably don't intend to. The President is pretty serious about no negative campaigning. My guess is he decided to save an aerospace industry scandal and sent Tench after you with a bluff in hopes he might scare you out of hiding on the sex thing. Make you stab your candidate in the back.† Gabrielle considered it. Yolanda was making sense, and yet something still felt odd. Gabrielle pointed through the glass at the bustling news room. â€Å"Yolanda, you guys are gearing up for a big presidential press conference. If the President is not going public about bribery or sex, what's it all about?† Yolanda looked stunned. â€Å"Hold on. You think this press conference is about you and Sexton?† â€Å"Or the bribery. Or both. Tench told me I had until eight tonight to sign a confession or else the President was going to announce-â€Å" Yolanda's laughter shook the entire glass cubicle. â€Å"Oh please! Wait! You're killing me!† Gabrielle was in no mood for joking. â€Å"What!† â€Å"Gabs, listen,† Yolanda managed, between laughs, â€Å"trust me on this. I've been dealing with the White House for sixteen years, and there's no way Zach Herney has called together the global media to tell them he suspects Senator Sexton is accepting shady campaign financing or sleeping with you. That's the kind of information you leak. Presidents don't gain popularity by interrupting regularly scheduled programming to bitch and moan about sex or alleged infractions of cloudy campaign finance laws.† â€Å"Cloudy?† Gabrielle snapped. â€Å"Flat out selling your decision on a space bill for millions in ad money is hardly a cloudy issue!† â€Å"Are you sure that's what he is doing?† Yolanda's tone hardened now. â€Å"Are you sure enough to drop your skirt on national TV? Think about it. It takes a lot of alliances to get anything done these days, and campaign finance is complex stuff. Maybe Sexton's meeting was perfectly legal.†

Sunday, January 5, 2020

How Tissue Forms a Wound - 862 Words

When a tissue experiences the disruption of normal anatomic structure and function, it forms a wound. The process of restoring injured tissue to its normal structure and function by proliferation of neighboring living cells is called tissue regeneration (Sorg Reinke, 2012). However, when regenation cannot occurs, wound healing occurs by replacement with a connection tissue and formation of a scar (Porth, 2011). Wound healing process involves the restoration of the integrity of injured tissues. It consists of three continous or overlapping phases: inflammation, proliferation, and wound contraction and remodeling phases (Porth, 2011). Any interruption, prolongation, or changes in the course can lead to delayed wound healing. The inflammation phase starts at the time of injury with both cellular and vascular responses. this phase is critical because it prepares optimum environment for wound healing (Porth, 2011). During the vascular response, blood vessels constrict and blood clots for m to reduce blood loss as well as to fill the tissue gap. After that these vessels dilate and increase capillary permeability to allow plasma and blood components to leak into the wound. The accumulation of fluid causes the wound to appear swollen, red, and warm to touch (Sorg Reinke, 2012). Platelets and white blood cells release cytokines and growth factors to stimulate the collagen synthesis, activate the transformation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, start the angiogenesis, and supportShow MoreRelatedVenous Stasis Ulcer996 Words   |  4 Pagesthe skin resulting in tissue loss. It is estimated that venous stasis ulcers affect 500,000 to 600,000 people in the United States every year and it is by far the most common type of leg ulcer seen (Foot Pain Explained). A person may have an ulcer on one or both legs and each leg may have multiple ulcerations. These ulcers are found in the inner part of the lower leg and can be very painful. Venous stasis is a very common disease of the leg. A venous stasis ulcer is a leg wound that does not heal becauseRead MoreWound Healing760 Words   |  4 Pages4 Stages of Healing How Do Wounds Heal? Research work on acute wounds in an animal model shows that wounds heal in four phases. It is believed that chronic wounds must also go through the same basic phases. Some authors combine the first two phases. The phases of wound healing are: * Hemostasis * Inflammation * Proliferation or Granulation * Remodeling or Maturation Hemostasis: Once the source of damage to a house has been removed and before work can start, utility workersRead MoreFailures Of The World Is Not An Easy Place1516 Words   |  7 Pagesit seems, is up to the challenge though, and the response is more than just a single answer. Rather, the life found on earth is so diverse, so different from one another; it would fly in the face of the challenge presented. That said, none of the forms of life could be complex enough to avoid mistakes. Missteps that lead to damage and damage to failed survival. What is seen from those mistakes is not an acceptance of failure and an inability to go on, but rather a dogged determination to recoverRead MoreThe Importance Of Gadils1181 Words   |  5 Pages(Pillai, Paul, Sharma, 2009). When alginate fibers are used for wound-contact layers, the reaction between the alginate and the exuding wound forms a sodium calcium alginate gel (Horrocks Anand). The gel is hydrophilic in nature, permeable to oxygen, and imperme able to bacteria, and make a contribution to the creation of new tissue (Horrocks Anand). Gauze, lint, and wadding the other textile materials used for wound-dressing applications (Rajendran Anand, 2002). 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Fig 1; courtesy of google image â€Å"The most common types of non-healing wounds are pressure ulcers, diabetic ulcers, ischemic ulcers and venous ulcers.† (2) In the case of a non-healing wound, the order of the healing process may be blocked or interrupted at any of the above stages; especially at the inflammatory or proliferative stage. The mediators of this arrest may include an impairment of the inflammatoryRead MoreThe Complex Process of Wound Healing Essay863 Words   |  4 PagesWound healing is a complex process for the body. There are many factors that are involved in the process of wound healing. Surgical technologists need to be aware of how wounds are classified to show level of contamination, the healing process, complications that can delay healing to patients, and the implications. According to J. Zinn (2012), â€Å"In 1964, the National Academy of Sciences National Research Council1 published its land- mark study on the use of ultraviolet lights in the OR, and the eraRead MoreThe Types Of Stem Cells1448 Words   |  6 PagesStem cells are cells that have the ability to divide indefinitely and can become specialized cells because they are undifferentiated. These cells are found in various tissues and can be grown and kept in culture. They are able to produce identical copies of themselves and are able to develop into cells of different tissues or organs. There are three main types of stem cells. Pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into any type of cell within the organism; an example of pluripotent cells are embryonicRead More Flesh-eating Bacteria Essay1737 Words   |  7 PagesGroup A streptococcus. What this organism does is progressively destroy the human body tissue all the way to the bone. This organism has amazingly outsmarted us of even our most potent drugs. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In our community right now, medical researchers are testing antibiotics that may have chemicals to disable the resistance of this organism. But while research continues, it is vital to be aware of how these deadly germs spread and what we can do to prevent them. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;LongRead MoreNursing Reflection on Pressure Sores Essay765 Words   |  4 Pagesreflection is to describe my personal experience in wound care and its management. Gibbs (1988) reflective cycle has been adapted in order to provide structure to the reflection process. Description At the care home I had to nurse many client’s who had developed pressure sores. One particular wound stands out from the rest, it belonged to a lady in her late 70’s who was immobile and suffers from incontinence and slight dementia. Her wound was extremely large on her sacrum, black and very hard

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Essay about Remember the Titans Movie Review - 1011 Words

Remember the Titans Movie Review The arrival of African slaves, sold in the plantations of colonial America, definitely triggered a superior-inferior relationship and mentality between â€Å"the whites† and â€Å"the blacks†. This present-day culture, resulting from a society of masters and slaves, has struggled against central concepts deeply rooted in the nations past .With strong cultural values on racial discrimination, the path towards the concept of racism in America was a vital moment in the course of the nation’s history. Social concepts and attitudes could not be altered overnight, but it can be altered. Indeed, in the quest for social progress, the struggle for equality has gone a long way, with black Americans now holding high-ranking†¦show more content†¦In the film â€Å"Remember the Titans†, we see a cultural environment in 1971 refusing to accept the idea of racial equality (the main issue raised in the movie). The film displays the issue of racism and illustrates how one can overcome prejudice by uniting for a common cause or goal. During the course of this movie, there were many social behaviors at work that dealt with racism and discrimination. These obstacles didn’t stop the football team from socially overcoming those difficulties. In brief, this film is about two schools in Alexandria Virginia that integrated in the early 1970s to form T.C. Williams High School. The white head coach of the Titans (Coach Bill Yoast) is replaced by an African American coach from North Carolina (Coach Herman Boone). Tensions arise when players of different races are forced together on the same football team. Many of these tensions are eased during the two-week training camp in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. When players returned to Alexandria the players found the city in turmoil due to the forced desegregation of the high school. As the season progresses the teams success caused the community to accept the changes. After the Titans perfect season, the team and the city were closer than ever. There were many scenes in the film that were meaningful to the theme of racism. One important scene is at the Gettysburg battle location. Here, Coach Boone makes an impacting speech to the players on overcomingShow MoreRelatedMovie Review: Remember the Titans925 Words   |  4 PagesMovie Review: Remember the Titans In 1971, the black and white schools in Alexandria, Virginia were forced to integrate and became T.C. Williams High School. There were in the community. Above al that, the white football coach, Bill Yoast, was replaced by a black football coach, Herman Boone. There was uproar among the white players and their parents because their white head coach was being replaced. The players attended a training camp where white and black players do not mix. An exceptionRead MoreRemember The Titans : Movie Review971 Words   |  4 Pagesminutes after the movie started so the light jogging through the lobby was very necessary.   The sound of the sticky floor as we shuffled up the stairs to get to the â€Å"good seats† in the center of the stadium seating reminded me of the sound of packaging peanuts. All I could smell was concession food. The hot dogs and nachos filled the theatre as I hurried to take off my coat. I was ready to see my favorite actor, Denzel Washington grace the screen i n the movie, Remember the Titans. This movie was my firstRead MoreRemember The Titans By Gregory Allen Howard Essay1207 Words   |  5 PagesRemember the Titans is a 2000 non-fiction set in the early 1970’s. This well-known film would feel familiar to anyone that has ever seen a racially divided group or team dealing with the dislike from the public. For example, the film Hoosiers and Miracle on Ice. Remember the Titans was about a renowned football team that was dealing with segregation. T.C. William High School’s board was forced to have blacks infiltrate an all-white school. The foundation of footballs great tradition was put to theRead MoreThe Titanic : The Wreck Of The Titan1380 Words   |  6 Pageshistory, the Titanic. Thesis: From the disaster to the movie, the sinking of the Titanic remains one of the most famous tragedies in history. I. Introduction A. Attention Getter: An American writer named Morgan Robertson once wrote a book called The Wreck of the Titan. The book was about an â€Å"unsinkable† ship called the Titan that set sail from England to New York with many rich and famous passengers on board. On its journey, the Titan hit an iceberg in the North Atlantic and sunk. Many livesRead MoreThe Titanic : The Wreck Of The Titan1512 Words   |  7 Pageshistory, the Titanic. 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The strange part about this is that the TitanicRead MoreBeowulf Movie Review2365 Words   |  10 PagesIn Partial Fulfillment of Requirements In English MOVIE REVIEW Of BEOWULF Merry Anjela M. Mendoza September 16, 2011 Ms. Maria Dolores Fiao-ag Introduction Beowulf is an epic from England. It is a story of a brave man who killed many monsters and died defending from a dragon. It is also a great story of adventure. From an old English poem, it became a 3D movie with the faces of real actors and actresses. Although there has a difference from the original poem, it still showed great and itRead MoreManagement Review : Remember The Titans1382 Words   |  6 PagesManagement Review of Remember the Titans 1) Describe the portrayed leader. What are the strengths and weaknesses of the leader? The movie plot surrounded the main character of Coach Boone, an African American football coach who transferred to a new school district that has just been desegregated. Coach Boone is a leader, not only as the head of a football team but an influence of positive change. He uses his legitimate power when first approaching his new team, then uses referent and reward powerRead MoreAmerican Sport Movies Dealing with Racism6989 Words   |  28 Pagescinema. For decades movie makers have successfully mined sports to produce some of the most inspiring, poignant, exciting and memorable American movies ever made. The genre of ‘Sport Movies’ established in the Fifties and the Sixties. At the very beginning it was hard to see it as an independent genre because there was a lot of mixture. There have been propaganda movies as well as comedies, dramas, gangster movies or even westerns combined with some sport scenes. So the movie industry defined threeRead MoreDenzel Washington2082 Words   |  9 PagesHe was the brother-in-law of actress Rita Pearson and the cousin of CBS anchorman Ukee Washington. Denzel married actress Pauletta Pearson Washington (61 years old) on June 25th 1983; He met her when he was filming his first onscreen role on the TV movie set named â€Å"Wilma†. One year after their wedding, they had their first child, John David Washington (born July 28th, 1984) – Attended Morehouse College and was drafted in 2006 by the NFL’s St. Louis Rams. They then began to start a family, having three

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

International Oil and Gas Arbitration

Question: Critically evaluate the significance of an Arbitration Clause in the context of an Oil Gas contract. Answer: Every country is dependent on oil and gas for its economic development and its citizens can accomplish their day to day activities smoothly. After the second world war, along with the industrial revolution, the consumption of energy also increased. Not all countries have rich natural resources for exploration or they are not developed enough to explore them with advanced technology. Therefore, many international companies conduct exploration in the countries which are not well equipped to do it themselves. There comes the need for agreements between the host country and international oil and gas companies. These projects involve a very high investment amount and so comes lots of risk with it. Since two governments are involved in it, so it becomes a matter of their relationship and terms and conditions on which they both agree. Also, the product involved is petroleum, which has a lot of strategic importance to both nations. So, most of the times they choose arbitration method to solve the disputes (Alqurashi, 2005). Over the years, due to many laws and agreements between host countries and international companies, many arbitral awards have been published which are related to oil and gas industry. These laws and agreements became the raw material from which international law for oil and gas industry were drawn. There were lots of issues (investments, time period) which needs to be under some jurisprudence, in order to deal with them. To lure international petroleum companies, host countries try to generate their interest by various means as discussed below: License to explore: Initially in order to lure foreign companies, nations uses to give various concessions or license to explore and produce from its petroleum resources. Due to this, later on they were left with very little control of their own countrys resources. This resulted in lower profits, disputes and frustration to the citizens of the host country. Production sharing agreement: This is done mainly by those countries which lack technical and financial capability and so has to depend on someone to explore in their own land. The main benefit that the host country has that in case the foreign company fails to get any resource facility from the host country, then they have to bear all the failure cost. But if they get any suitable petroleum resource, they will share the profit with the host country (Otero Castrillo, 2013). Participation agreement: In this case, both the host country and foreign company invest to explore and locate for petroleum sites. For this they may form a new entity or can have a joint agreement. Common contractual provisions: In order to protect the interest of the host country and to make them feel secure, there are some contractual provisions like: local labor, training, obligations of domestic marketing, transparency with data, insurance, management etc. Key principles of contract formation in international commercial transactions and key international law principles and trends in the oil and gas sector: There are so many things that both international company and host countries have to consider before they make a deal. They both have to adjust to each other which is only possible if they understand each others requirements and interests. The deal may be of a long time period and they need to understand that environment does not remain same during that period. There can be a political turmoil, natural disasters, war, etc. they have to work for the mutual interests of each other. The host country has to understand that they have to provide safe and secure environment to the people of foreign oil company (Lake, 2007). Also the company has to keep in mind that there can be at times, some inevitable circumstances when things may not go there way, but still they should not compromise with the sovereignty like bribery, corruption, foul pla y. Some of the things to be considered are given below: Political Unrest: Since these projects involve very high capital investment, foreign companies should have far sighted vision to evaluate expected risks and its effects. Political unrest can occur at times of war, riots terrorism. A very recent example is about Turkey, which is in Headlines due to lots of political unrest in the country which was not expected by many. There can be many reasons for it that can be beyond the vision of investor an so they should be prepared to face such issues. Under such circumstances, even the current contracts and agreements are of no value. So a company should only invest in foreign countries in case they have some provision to provide compensation for the damage they faced under unfavorable political conditions. Export credit agencies: Some banks like Overseas Private Investment Corporation (US) give insurance on political risks. There are some countries that are coming out of dictatorship rules or market downfall and so are not very creditable to invest. In such countries, investors can seek insurance, though it can be very expensive and impose strict rules. Since they work with governments of host countries, they make a pressure on governments to protect investors and abide by the rules of the agreements (Talus, 2012). Also in case of dispute, both parties may want it to be settled in their respective courts. Therefore, they should finalize initially only about such issues. Currency risks: These risks can arise the investment is done in a particular currency and its products are sold in another currency. This will result in abrupt changes in the projects stability and profitability. This may not be revealed in accounts figures, but is actually happening. Safety: Investing companies may have lots of safety concerns like kidnapping, robbery, terrorism, physical or mental torture, threat to ladies or children. So safety norms that a company wants should be formulated before like CCTV cameras at sites, guards, fenced sites and houses. The helpers and drivers given should be properly verified of their background. Bribery: There can also be circumstances when foreign companies may try to bribe the officials of the host country to fulfil their vested interests. Some officials take the bribery and do the agreements as per the companies wish and then whole nation has to pay for it. To avoid such situations, many countries have made strict (FCPA law of the US) laws and fines along with imprisonment in case anyone has found guilty (Besche, 2016). Trainings: Foreign companies cannot take all the staff from their own country and have to take some employees from the host country. For this they have to give some trainings to the people of the host country. The training is mandatory for them to give and to take some officials on key positions of the project. They have to take training for the employees of foreign companies. The salary and perks given to them should be equivalent to the one given to the staff of foreign companies. Effectiveness of international law in addressing the environmental impact of oil exploration and exploitation: It became a very common practice for the oil and gas companies to abandon the land after exploiting it to the maximum and the cost to decommission it was very high. No one noticed this thing initially and this practice was continued for many years. This issue grabbed a lot of attention when Shell Oil declared that they will abandon the Brent Spar (oil storage floating on water). Greenpeace, an environmental organization objected this decision and asked it to decommission the oil storage spot (Brent Spar). Therefore, Shell had to decommission the spot and the cost that they had to pay to do it was quite high. Now, there are several international rules and conventions that ensure the decommission of the site by the oil and gas company. In 1958, UN passed a law that asks for removal of petroleum sites. Around 38 countries signed that convention since few countries were able to completely remove the offshore oil and gas facilities. Some countries faced few problems as they have some commitments to the petroleum companies by which they have to abide by. In 1982, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas (UNCLOS) was passed, effectively superseding the 1958 Convention. UNCLOS contemplates the partial removal of offshore facilities (Alramahi, 2013). There are certain set standards that give guidelines for decommissioning of the abandoned facilities. For example International Maritime Organization says that something that is built in less than 100 mt. of water should be completely removed and in case it is built in deeper water then it should be partially removed. Demonstrate a critical understanding of the importance of oil and gas law: Most of the disputes that occur in commercial transactions of petroleum products are between the international oil companies and the host country. Both belong to different countries and have different laws as per their respective interests. Hence comes the importance of an international law, which can address the interests of both parties like national sovereignty, treaties and laws. Sovereignty: Sovereignty gives the right to nations to have their control of its natural resources and people of its country. Even if the government privatize certain things, but still it has every right to make nay changes in the ownership or taxes if required for the public and countrys benefit. This also gives them the power to expropriate the property of foreign companies. There can be times when the government changes and the new one wants changes and accordingly make legal changes which everyone has to abide by (Bowman, 2015). This gives a scope to a nation that it can take decisions for its own vested interests. Here comes the need for some international laws. International laws try to solve issues like this by refraining courts to make changes in laws that are dealing with international matters. Also, this law considers sovereign immunity according to which a nation and its resources cannot be sued in the other nations courts. So in case government wants to take a property fr om a foreign company, they cannot do this without appropriate compensation. In case there is a dispute of violating some terms of a contract between some host countrys company and foreign oil company, most of the nation consider that it does not snoop into the nations integrity. This is called restrictive theory of sovereign immunity. Treaties and Conventions: Agreements that are signed between countries can be in any form like conventions, protocols, pacts or treaties. Treaties are the agreements that are singed between either two countries (bilateral) or many nations (multilateral). Conventions just like treaties, but the number of nations signing it are very high. These all agreements form the basis of International law. All these treaties, conventions are the sources from where international law is made. Whenever there is any dispute, these treaties and international agreements help to solve the disputes (Balogun, 2001). Ratification of a particular convention represents the legal obligation of a participating nation to apply the convention. Some of the treaties are: Vienna Convention, United Nations Convention, the Hague Convention, New York Convention. Civil Law and Common Law Legal Systems: Domestic laws of the host country and one or more countries that are involved in the oil and gas transactions are different. So has to be a common law or civil law which is capable to resolve the disputes fairly (Scott, 2009). In case of a civil law, all the issues are solved by civil codes. There is no influence of their previous decisions or other courts. Whereas in case of common law courts, they do lots of probing into the matter before trials in court. The civil course doesnt do much of probing or interrogatories in order to solve the dispute (Soni Chatterjee, 2014). So, it becomes very important to know these systems of law and decide prior to any dispute that which legal system will be followed. Corrupt Practices Act: Some countries like The United States have domestic laws that regulate the foreign conduct of its citizens. It has an act called FCPA, which exclusively deals with such cases to protect its business. Many other nations also have such laws that control exports. Although this has discouraged the foreign companies to invest in the US. Such foreign controls has been decreased with the times as nations have understood the economic benefits of As free trade with their countries (Daintith, 2011). Conclusion: So, we can say that international law emerged from various conventions, treaties, cultures, protocols, pacts etc., which are signed between different nations to come to some common consensus on issues related to trade and also to resolve disputes. Since different nations have different laws based on its culture and circumstances and when organization of one country work in another, a lot of issues needs to have a common law that governs its proceedings and disputes. Also, to get fair benefit from this association, some arbitration has to be involved. We studied various aspects of this law by which it helps international trade to happen smoothly with the benefit of everyone. Bibliography Alqurashi, Z. A., 2005. International Oil and Gas Arbitration. Arbitrating International Petroleum Disputes: an Analysis of Key Substantive Law Issues, January. Alramahi, M., 2013. International oil and gas contracts and deal making, Available at: https://my.laureate.net/Faculty/webinars/Documents/2013June_International%20Oil%20and%20Gas%20Contracts%20and%20Deal%20Making.pdf Balogun, O. A., 2001. Nigeria: Legal Framework Of The Nigerian Petroleum Industry. Nigeria: Legal Framework Of The Nigerian Petroleum Industry, 03 April. Besche, A. D., 2016. Oil and gas - international law. Oil and gas - international law, Available at: https://www.adeb.no/en/system/oil-and-gas-international-law/ Bowman, J., 2015. International Arbitration. LEX PETROLEA: Sources and Successes of International Petroleum Law, February, Available at: https://www.kslaw.com/library/newsletters/EnergyNewsletter/2015/February/article1.html Daintith, T., 2011. Principles of oil gas Law: Sydney Law School, Available at: https://sydney.edu.au/law/news/docs_pdfs_images/2010/Dec/Principles_Of_Oil_and_Gas_Law.pdf Lake, L. W., 2007. PEH:International Oil and Gas Law. PEH:International Oil and Gas Law, Available at: https://petrowiki.org/PEH%3AInternational_Oil_and_Gas_Law Otero, C. Castrillo, G., 2013. Reflections on the law applicable to international oil contracts. The Journal of World Energy Law Business Advance, 14 March.pp. 1-34. Scott, R. F., 2009. Oil supply, Oil security and environmental objectives in international law: EOLSS, Available at: https://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c14/E1-36-02-01.pdf Soni, A. Chatterjee, A., 2014. Governance of the Petroleum and Natural Gas Sector in India: A Status Note: TERI-NFA, Available at: https://www.teriin.org/projects/nfa/pdf/working-paper-15-Governance-of-the-petroleum-and-natural-gas-sector-in-india-a-status-note.pdf Talus, K., 2012. OGEL Ten Years Special Issue: Internationalisation of Energy Law. OGEL Ten Years Special Issue: Internationalisation of Energy Law.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Unit Activity Essays (460 words) - Graph, Graph Theory, Function

Unit Activity Unit 7: Advanced Functions This activity will help you meet these educational goals: Mathematical Practices-You will make sense of problems and solve them, reason abstractly and quantitatively, construct arguments, and model with mathematics. Introduction In this unit, you learned about advanced functions such as quadratic functions and composite functions. You modeled scenarios using these more advanced functions. In this activity, you will analyze real-world situations by modeling them as functions and interpreting their graphs. __________________________________________________________________________ Directions and Analysis Task: Population of a Species The population of a species in the wild in Asia has been decreasing exponentially since 1980. This function represents the population of the species t years after 1980: W(t) = 20,000(0.95t). The Wildlife Refuge Foundation noticed this trend before 1980 and decided to try to help reduce the population decline by breeding the species in captivity. The graph shows the number of these animals that have been born in captivity since 1980. [pic] a. About how long will it take for the number of the species born in captivity to be equal to the number of the species remaining in the wild? Type your response here: b. Create a function to represent the number of the species that have been born in captivity, C(t). Type your response here: c. Assuming that the species has a long life span and that all those born in captivity are still alive today, create a function, P(t), to represent the total number of the species that are alive, both in the wild and in captivity. Type your response here: d. At what point would you say that the program to breed the species in captivity stops the decline in population? Explain. Type your response here: e. If this trend continues, about what will be the total population of the species in the world in 2020? Type your response here: f. How many more of the species will be alive in 2020 because of the breeding program? Type your response here: __________________________________________________________________________ Resources Document any references you used for this project below. At minimum, include a title and URL for any Internet resource: Evaluation Your teacher will use this rubric to evaluate the completeness of your work as well as the clarity of thinking you exhibit. Total Points: 5 |Task: Population of a Species |Task points: 5 | | | | |Estimate where an exponential function and a |1 | |linear function intersect. | | | | | |Write a function from a graph. |1 | | | | |Combine an exponential function and a linear |1 | |function. | | | |1 | |Interpret a graph of the function in terms of the| | |situation. |0.5 | | | | |Solve the function at a certain value. |0.5 | | | | |Solve a linear function at a certain value. | | ----------------------- 2014 EDMENTUM, INC.