Kiswana Browne Essay

â€Å"She stared at the woman she had been and was to become.† — Kiswana Browne Mother-daughter relationships are complex and diverse. Some mothers and daughters are best friends, and others talk once a week. Some see each other weekly while others live in different cities or states. Kiswana Browne and her mother have a relationship like other mothers and daughters. She only wants the best for her daughter. They may fuss and they may argue, but they are more alike than they realize. Kiswana Browne, whose real name is Melanie, was born and raised in an affluent black suburb called Linden Hills. Like most people that graduate from high school, Kiswana went on to college to further her education. While in college, Kiswana was discovering her blackness and protesting for equality amongst black people. She changed her name and tried to wear an Afro, but her hair was so thin and fine-textured. She had to use lacquer so it would not lay flat. But before she had the chance to graduate from college, she dropped out and decided to move to Brewster Place to live with her p eople. Kiswana’s mother unexpectedly came to visit her at her new place. Kiswana is still afraid of her mother despite the fact that she has left her house and rejected her parents’ way of life. This is shown when she says, â€Å"Oh, God, it’s Mama!† She still feels the guilt that all the kids have when they do something against their parents will. Kiswana and he mother was not seeing eye-to-eye. Her mother did not want her to live in the poor community, but Kiswana has her mind set on being there with her people. She picks to live in a poor area of town, because she is trying to retaliate from the oppressions of the government and her families’ standards. In the beginning of the story, she sees her mother as distant and different. She believes that her mother is a sell out to her African heritage. Her mother assures her that she and Kiswana’s father are as concerned about the poor as much as she is. She also explains that they do not have t o live in Brewster Place to prove themselves to anyone. She cautions Kiswana that the long-awaited revolution will not materialize because society has moved to another phase. Instead, she suggests Kiswana to work within the system by becoming an assemblywoman or a civil liberties lawyer or by opening a freedom school in the neighborhood. She provides Kiswana with various ways of using her talents instead of allowing them to waste away in dead-end jobs. As Kiswana and her mother continue to argue about her new life in the poor area of town, it confirms all of Kiswana’s expectations of her mother’s disapproval. When her mother tells her she lives in a world of fantasy, Kiswana says that she is proud of her heritage and accuses her mother of being â€Å"a white man’s nigger who’s ashamed of being black†. Her mother then became angry with Kiswana and started to tell her about her family history. Yet after her mother explains her beliefs and concerns about her family, Kiswana begins to see the similarities between herself and her mother. After Mrs. Browne gave Kiswana a lesson about her family, she took off her shoe because they were hurting her feet. Bright red nail polish glared at Kiswana through the stockings. Her mother never really wore nail polish, but her husband talked her into. In the beginning of the story, Kiswana talked about how her friend was a foot man and how often she changed the color of her polish. Kiswana then thought, â€Å"I’ll be damned the young woman thought, feeling her whole face tingle. Daddy’s into feet! And she looked at the blushing woman on her couch and suddenly realized that her mother had trod through the same universe that she herself was now traveling. Kiswana was breaking no new trails and would eventually end up just two feet away on that couch. She stared at the woman she had been and was to become.† She learns that she is more like her mother than she ever imagined. Mothers and daughters go through situations similar to this a lot. The child thinks that they know everything, and things are to be done their way. They are not always right. Some individuals think that their parents are always against them and that they do not care about what they are doing in their life, but most of the time they are wrong. Some individuals also think that their parents have not gone through the things that they are going through, but some parents do. There is a saying â€Å"The apple does not fall far from the tree† and â€Å"L ike Mother, Like Daughter.† More than likely, you will act somewhat like your mother or father; you may also go through things that they went through. You never know.

The Mongolian Liberation

The political turbulence of 1990, and the release of Mongolia from Soviet control along with the backdown of 1000s of Russian military personnels and armored combat vehicles, accordingly led to the gap of the floodgates that had been keeping back Mongolia’s long denied desire for independency and a distinguishable national individuality. At last, Mongols could advert the name of Genghis Khan, the male parent of the Mongolian state in public without fright of animadversion or prosecution, public involvement in Mongolian history surged. Now, Genghis Khan’s name and image can be seen everyplace in Mongolia, whether it be political imagination, the merchandising of goods or the naming of eating houses, Genghis Khan is an ineluctable figure in modern twenty-four hours Mongolia. This is in contrast to the old Soviet business which to a great extent restricted and attempted to eliminate popular worship of the Great Khan, â€Å"Genghis Khan was banished from Mongol lives†1. The visual aspect that is presented of Genghis Khan under Soviet business heightens the contrast between the Soviet and modern Mongolia. The effort to wipe out history is replaced by an overpowering sum of modern twenty-four hours recognition, congratulations and the hunt for the â€Å"true† yesteryear. The individuality of Genghis Khan has thrived on a greater graduated table so what was seen before the Soviet effort to eliminate him from history. The national individuality of the Mongolian people had awoken. However, did the ejection of Genghis Khan from mundane Mongolian life truly go on? While there is no uncertainty that the image and name of Genghis Khan was repressed, to what extent is a controversial subject of research for Mongol research workers2. In the ulterior periods of Soviet business ( 1970s ) , the historical function of Genghis Khan was described as â€Å"reactionary†3. The forming of the Mongol Empire and the major function he played in the history of the 13Thursdayand 14Thursdaycenturies were seen as a program to protect the involvements of the governing baronial category.4 However, this was non the lone representation of the Great Khan during this period, and multiple readings of this history exist.5The portraiture of Genghis Khan shifted throughout the Soviet business of Mongolia. But, this highlights an of import fact, that many Soviet-era history books reference or have whole subdivisions dedicated to Genghis Khan. Research into the function of Genghis Khan was even encouraged under the initial Soviet business, and many research documents did look in scholarly publications.6From this, it can be reasoned that Genghis Khan was discussed and researched during the Soviet period, which conflicts with what the Mongolian people now â€Å"remember† to hold been the instance. When people say that under the Soviet business there was a forced forgetting of Genghis Khan from public memory, this is merely non rectify. What the Mongolian people are mentioning to alternatively of an existent forgetting is the fact that there were limitations on the public worship of Genghis Khan and that they could non speak approximately him as they wished.6This is a critical differentiation. While Genghis Khan had a presence in Mongolia at the clip, the usage of his name in a public Centre was to a great extent censored and restricted. Then, as now, the image of Genghis Khan was manipulated by the Government to imple ment and modulate the political orientations of the Mongolian people.7 The documented grounds of the period, being dissimilar to the collective and single memory of the clip, reveals a much more complex image. It reveals, both in the past and present, a deliberate â€Å"remembering† of events that seems to follow the form of political and cultural expediences.8That is to state, Genghis Khan was a important remembered figure under Soviet business. Yet, one would presume that this should be known throughout modern Mongolia. A good starting point for understanding the differences between the memory and documented grounds is the manner in which people inaccurately assign all of the Soviet period ( 1924 to 1990 ) into one indistinguishable stretch. Phrases such as â€Å"the Soviet period† itself, as I have done even here. This collapsing of a period in history gives an wholly corrupt position of the period as it is assigned the Acts of the Apostless peculiar to the ulterior phases of the period ( 1975-1980 ) . The concluding decennaries of Soviet control are projected backwards over the full 80 old ages.9The political orientations of the authorities and people are assumed to hold been the instance throughout the period. This nevertheless, is far from what was really the instance. The Soviets hold on Mongolia was fragile at most times.10The major illustration of this can be seen in the incident of 1928, the authorities had begun to implement policies aimed at the speedy debut of communism. Private trade and private conveyance were out, at the same clip Mongolia ‘s farm animal economic system was to be collectivized, the feudal Lords were expropriated and the Buddhist church was targeted by inordinate revenue enhancements.11Unfortunately, the state-sponsored conveyance and trade organisations were non at all able to replace the old, private-owned webs, and disregard and misdirection in the new-founded collectives lead to the loss of 7 million caputs of farm animal, or one tierce of the 1929 degree. All this resulted non merely in a steady watercourse across the boundary line to Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang, but besides the rebellion at Togsbuyant monastery of Uvsaimag, which lasted from March to May 1930. This rebellion led to the acceptance of a more broa d policy by the Soviet authorities.12 The Soviet period was characterised by major ideological alterations and Soviet efforts at entire control of Mongolia, frequently through barbarous and violent agencies. This nevertheless, was non the instance for all of the Soviet business.13While in between the old ages of 1928 and 1935 in peculiar saw an addition in force and subjugation, which in its aftermath, left a permanent fright in the Mongolian people, this alteration nevertheless, was non every bit drastic as the Soviets would hold liked, the civil war of the old year’s holding non been forgotten. Even in the 1950s, at least a few of Mongolia’s taking functionaries were in private rehearsing the worship of Genghis Khan.14The Soviet authorities was successful in presenting new policy and transfusing fright in the Mongols, However the entire conquering of Mongolia and the achievement of greater workss, from a Soviets point of position, would take much longer.15As will be seen, Genghis Khan was actively studied and researched during the Soviet business of Mongolia. A bibliography published in theHarvard Journal of Asiatic Surveiesin 1986 shows that books touching on Genghis Khan were published throughout the early Soviet old ages.16The first one listed being TheMongol Empire in the clip of Genghis Khanwhich was published in 1932 and so republished in 1942.17Other such plants were published throughout the earlier periods of Soviet business, including a transcript of the Mongolian historyGolden Summary, published in 1923 which mostly matches what is written in the history,The Secret Historyalthough written with a Buddhist angle. In the secret history it said that, â€Å"Temujin was born with a fate ordained from Heaven above† Temujin being the birth name of Genghis Khan. Similarly in theGolden Summary â€Å"sanctum Temujin†is portrayed as a prophesier of Buddha sent to convey an terminal to â€Å"earthly suffering† of all life animals. It is clear that in neither of these histories is at that place anything that would propose a Soviet influence.18All of the texts from the early decennaries of Soviet business that I have been able to research hold no mark of any effort to render a Marxist history of Mongolian history. In fact legion texts have a wholly opposite position of Genghis Khan so one would anticipate from a Soviet-era text. John Boyle in his book Genghis Khan: The History of the World-Conquer mentions one text published in 1928,Siditu Kegur-un Uligerwhich compares Genghis Khan to a â€Å"reincarnated god† as his usage of military tactics and cognition were greater than any â€Å"mortal† . The text is mostly celebratory of Genghis Khans accomplishments, â€Å"40 provinces were destroyed, and 55 provinces of Xiya were established† and â€Å"Genghis Khans magnificent personal businesss were many.†19The day of the month that this text was published is peculiarly notable, as it is preceded by merely a few months after the crisp bend in authorities policy and the terminal o f the civil war in 1930. All the grounds shown above suggests a positive position of Genghis Khan and an active involvement in Mongolian history during the early period of Soviet business of Mongolia. This is backed up further by the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party ( MAN ) naming for a more in deepness survey of Genghis Khan in 1923.20 If Genghis Khan was written about during the period that encompasses the Soviet business of Mongolia, and rather extensively, so possibly the â€Å"forced forgetting† that the Mongolia people refer to is the eviction of Genghis Khan from Centres of larning? Many of the paperss published would non hold been read by the larger public. However, this is non the instance. A school text edition which had to be approved by the Ministry of Education, published in 1962 while harsh in the disapprobation of his achievements, â€Å"Kiev had been a really big and thickly populated town, but now it has been reduced about to nil, for there are at the present clip scarce two 100 houses at that place and the dwellers are kept in complete slavery.†21This history of Genghis Khan is comparatively unvarying in all text editions of the period.22However, one can non presume that Genghis Khan was taught in the schoolroom, it is believable that the establishment may hold omitted Genghis Khan fr om the course of study in fright of reprisal. Nevertheless, the fact that Genghis Khan is still present in an officially sanctioned text edition regardless of the manner he is presented or even if it was taught, is important. Genghis Khan continues to look in text editions published up until the political turbulence of 1990.23 While it non possible to wholly estimate the reactions of the Mongolian populace to the texts I have researched. What can be known is the simple fact that Genghis Khan was researched and written about during the Soviet business of Mongolia and non â€Å"forgotten† contrary to what is now acknowledged by the Mongolian people. And it was non until 1940 that the Soviet restraints on the worship of Genghis Khan became official policy.24Furthermore, even after this period, there is no grounds of a large-scale effort to wipe out him from the memory of the people, or from history wholly. However, there were cases where history was changed or omitted, as seen from the text editions of the period, and names of of import figures changed if they were seen as being ideologically suspect. While it is unrealistic to presume an full period can be â€Å"struck† from history, the position Genghis Khan was given by Soviet authorities was unneeded if they genuinely wanted to take him from history. While it is true that Genghis Khan’s image and name were censored throughout the period, the attending, whether it is negative or positive, was still unneeded attending. Because the Soviets attempted to take the redemptive qualities of Genghis Khan, they merely brought him closer to the public oculus, â€Å"Revolutionaries are merely revolutionists so long as there is something or person to be against.†25An illustration of this can be seen in the events taking up to the 1962, the hard-on of a memorial at Genghis Khans supposed birth topographic point and a conference held in memorialization for his 800th birthday led to unfavorable judgment from the Soviet Union and the dismissal of Tomor-Ochir, a secretary of the opinion Mongolian People ‘s Revolutionary Party Central Committee. The fact that this event was premeditated and had gained official blessing is indicant that Genghis Khan was still present in Mongolia during that period.

Defining Interpersonal Communication Essay

When asked to distinguish interpersonal communication from communication in general, many people say that interpersonal communication involves fewer people, often just two. according to this definition, an exchange between a homeowner and plumber would be interpersonal, but a conversation involving parents and four children would not. although interpersonal communication often involves only two or three people, this isn’t a useful definition. Perhaps you are thinking that intimate contexts define interpersonal communication. using this standard, we would say that a couple on a first date in a romantic restaurant engages in more interpersonal communication than an established couple in a shopping mall. The best way to define interpersonal communication is by focusing on what happens between people, not where they are or how many present.In simple way, we can say that interpersonal communication is a distinct type of interaction between people. Barriers to Effective Interpersonal Communication One way of looking at communication barriers is to divide them into internal and external barriers, or environmental barriers. It is important to be aware of all the possible barriers to communication, and to consider how these can be overcome, so that effective interaction can take place either in business or at a personal level. Psychological Barriers Psychological barriers may include shyness or embarrassment. Sometimes, a person may present herself as being abrupt or difficult when she may actually be nervous. One person’s stereotyped views of the other party or the group he belongs to may also provide a barrier to communication. If she is already prejudiced before meeting him, this will cause a barrier. Cultural Barriers Acceptable styles of communication vary between cultures. In some societies physical gestures are extravagant, and touch is more acceptable. In these societies, it is generally acceptable to hug and touch a person’s arm when you are speaking to him. In other societies this would be unacceptable. Some religions have a taboo about members of the opposite sex communicating and particularly touching. Casual hugging and kissing would be completely unacceptable. Language Barriers A communication barrier may be present because the parties do not share a common language. Interpreters and translators may be used to good effect in these circumstances. If a person is deaf or visually impaired, this presents an obvious barrier that needs to be addressed prior to the meeting. Speech impediments or dysphasia as a result of a stroke or other brain problem can present a barrier. The use of jargon and over-complicated language creates barriers to communication. Environmental Barriers Environmental barriers to communication can include noise and lack of privacy. An environment which is too hot or cold will not be conducive to effective communication. Some places of business are busy with many distractions, such as constantly ringing telephones and other messaging systems. Three internal barriers that could affect your communication * Negative emotions * Low self-esteem * Lack of commitment The negative emotions from previous experiences, if not released, continue to hunt us and get expressed when we expect less. They are triggered by similar situations that show up in our life, without consciously recognizing them. Did it occur to you to get upset or raise the tone of your voice for something that†¦ was not really a big deal? It could be one of those situations, that triggered past emotions not released. As long as you don’t identify and release them, they could affect your interpersonal communication since others won’t really know from where your overreaction is coming from. Low self-esteem takes a huge toll on interpersonal communication. Not having the courage to express your ideas (because you believe they’re not worthy), could send a different message than the one you want to project. It might mislead other people, leaving them to believe whatever they want (which might be different from what you want). Low self-esteem could also show up as lack of confidence, or by not taking responsibility for your own actions. Do I have to mention the impact on the interpersonal communication?! Who would like to spend more time or collaborate with someone who doesn’t take responsibility for his actions? Or who does not trust himself, and is waiting for help all the time? Lack of commitment comes usually from not knowing what you want, or from not having the courage to take the right actions. Lack of commitment plays a huge role in interpersonal communication, since its so easy to spot it†¦ and no one likes it. How to communicate effectively with someone who is not committed, who doesn’t pay attention or simply ignores you? If you found yourself at least once in the situations listed above, when do you think it’s the best time to work on your own issues: when a similar situation occurs? or in advance, so you are better prepared to communicate more effectively in any situation?

Ban the Burqa By Claire Berlinski Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ban the Burqa By Claire Berlinski - Essay Example Claire’s firsthand audience comprised of the magazine’s subscribers and the online surfers, who are less inclined to the reality of cultural and religious significance behind the Burqa ban. Because of the controversies surrounding the banning of Burqa in western countries, it makes sense that her article would highlight the importance of the issue and bring media exposure. Taking advantage of the web platform, she tends to articulate her opinion through the online magazine, for expanding her audience to the global community, bringing greater insight and diversity to the discussion. The Burqa is viewed as one of the traditional Islamic religious ideals, and a visible signifier of Islam and the Muslim people, especially the Muslim women. Even though there are many connotations based on this issue of banning the Burqa, the public rambling and the media stereotyping is the most common consideration. The author clearly poses her argument favoring the ban of Burqa, implying that the use of headgears reveals Islam’s conception of women, women oppression and gender apartheid. The primary purpose of the article is to justify the ban on the Burqa, with considerations on social welfare, women’s freedom and religious oppression. However, the thesis stated in the article expresses a sidetracked view of the author, ignoring the religious ideals and personal freedom of women in a democratic society. The author clearly uses the rhetorical strategies of logos, ethos and pathos to seize the intended audience. At the start of the article, Claire uses ethical appeal that would convince the audience to give consent for the credibility of the argument. By providing facts and real life experiences, the author persuades the audience with Ethos appeal. She even presents the negative impacts of the ban on the Muslims and their religious freedom. â€Å"These bans are outrages against

Evolution of Music in Washington D.C Research Paper

Evolution of Music in Washington D.C - Research Paper Example Evolution of the emo music The word ‘EMO’ was first started in the ‘80s’ and was used to describe music which was being composed during depressing times. They target to console and bring closure to the audience, the listeners and the singer. The lyrics featured in this genre of music are often emotional and very expressive. The first band to play the genre of music was the ‘sunny day real estate’ and later on the scene was completely changed with the arrival of ‘sound garden and nirvana’. Initially, it was known as emotional hardcore or emocore music. Emo music often brings out a distinctive relationship between artists and fans. It often describes the different aspects of fashion, the various behaviors of people in our societies and the various cultural practices among people (Troy & Cannato, 2009). The genre of music has also been associated with such practices like promoting cutting and self –mutilation. A good example is that in the album ‘ta king back Sunday’, the cover on the one of the album consist of a song called ‘cute without at E. There are different EMO bands and some of the most popular ones are the ‘Panic!’ ‘At The Disco,’ ‘Fall out Boy’ among others. These names were given to the albums because of the type of music in question and the general appearance of the music. EMO songs represents or talks about different depressing situations and involves themes like love, loneliness, fallacy amongst others. Such aspects clearly spell out the expressive nature of EMO.

Ethical and Legal Issues Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethical and Legal Issues - Assignment Example It is also extremely costly for the employers (Mujtaba, 2003). It is ethically sound to monitor employee’s computer activity. Most of the research done has devoted most of its time in making technological advancements, which create an efficient workplace. These advancements have revolutionized the manner in which work is carried out and the way in which employees can enhance their productivity while at work. However, these advancements have opened new opportunities and avenues for employees to misbehave. The emerging technologies have resulted in the loss of privacy. Technology has made it possible for massive volumes of data to be accessed by businesses and their employees. Employers are concerned with the misuse of information by all stakeholders of the business. Therefore, there is a need for the business to incorporate ethics training and polices in areas where information technology is present (Mujtaba, 2003). Like the workplace telephones, workplace computers and connections to internet and email systems belong to the employer and not the employee. The company has the power to set standards for the use of the equipment in the company. This is because there is some harm that can occur if there are no clear set guidelines on how the equipment should be used. An employee can misuse the company computer systems (inadvertent or advertent). For instance, companies in a quiet period before the issuance of stock are not permitted to communicate certain forms of information. When an employee sends an email, he or she can easily infringe this prohibition and therefore, instigating a company violation of Securities and Exchange Commission rules. This is just one of the harm that can lead to serious problems for the company (Gilbert, 2012). For the jewelry company, human resource policies be formulated. This is because the policies are continuing guidelines on the approach in which the organization

Sexual Harassment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Sexual Harassment - Essay Example Asking for sexual favors is a direct form of sexual harassment but in some cases indirect favors are also an important element of sexual harassment. The individual involved is either asked for the favor for a reward or he/she is put in such an environment that it becomes hostile for him (Lewis 2001). Many link sexual harassment to be a gender specific situation as most of the cases are seen to be following the women who are subordinating certain individuals. These sexual harassment situations not only lead to deleterious effects on health but they also affect the state of mind of the individual concerned. Sexual harassment is not only related to workplace environments but is also related to the people who are working in military and the service sector (Street et al 2008). Sexual harassment not only refers to the sexual favors but it also relates to the body language of the individuals. Behaviors that are unwelcome by individuals and can be clearly anticipated for making someone offen ded are said to be incorporating the broad definition of sexual harassment (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2013). Actions that are pervasive and considered hostile are also associated with the sexual harassment situations. It is also seen that sexual harassment can lead to post traumatic stress disorder in many people as the person undergoes anxiety and depression after undergoing these situations (Street et al 2008). More studies help to find out the correlation of race with sexual harassment as it can be seen that the African Americans are likely to come under the situations of sexual harassment more often than their counterparts. Adolescence is also a factor for the increase in the cases of sexual harassment as found by a study conducted by Goldstein (Goldstein et al 2007). The elements of sexual harassment that have not been reviewed properly are related to the sex

Creativity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Creativity - Essay Example However, Csikszentmihalyi suggested that young students "cannot be creative, but all creative adults were once young students' (Csikszentmihalyi, 1966:156). The entire idea of this statement by Csikszentmihalyi is dependent on the fact that young students "can show tremendous talent, but they cannot be creative because creativity involves changing a way of doing things, a way of thinking, and that in turn requires having mastered the old ways of doing/ thinking. No matter how precocious a student is this he cannot do' (1996:155). In other words Csikszentmihalyi stated that it is education that makes an individual creative. In this context it would be relevant to mention that Amabile suggested that "...creativity by individuals and teams is a starting point for innovation; the first is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the second" (Amabile et al 1996). As it is Csikszentmihalyi viewed creativity as the highest achievement of human mind as he states that "Creativity is the central source of life for several reasons. Most of the things that are interesting, important and human are the result of creativity." (1997: 1) Csikszentmihalyi's views in this context suggested that there is an attempt of invoking creativity within young students but there can be no conviction that the method proved the usher of creativity within young students of 12-16 years. It s... knowledge that they wish to acquire but they stressed on the particulars of methods and neglected creativity by keeping it aside as they implied that it is a inheriting part of the young student's mechanism. In this regard we can enumerate the ideas put forward by Emerson who suggested that "by our tempering and thwarting and too much governing he may be hindered from his end and kept out on his own" (Emerson 251) In other words Emerson believed that the students should be given enough liberty to formulate their own approach towards education or they are creative enough to formulate one. This again is an alternative view of Csikszentmihalyi's views that suggested that even if there are no direct evidence of creativity there always remains an element of attempt to be creative all along. Literature review View of Csikszentmihalyi states that "creativity results from the interaction of a system composed of three elements: a culture that contains symbolic rules, a person who brings novelty into the symbolic domain, and a field of experts who recognize and validate the innovation." (1997: 6) but in the same context Freire suggests that it " emerges through invention and reinvention, through the restless, impatient, continuing, hopeful enquiry men peruse in the world, with the world, and with each other." (Freire 319) Thus it can be enumerated that this element according to Freire is more of a reflex action rather than a formulated procedure and it can be further mentioned that this process of learning is an instrument of survival that was incorporated within us from the prehistoric era and he expects every young student to be creative. Freire stressed that the education of young students must involve their senses. He presents guidelines for creating an educational

The Origin and Effect of the CERES Principles Essay

The Origin and Effect of the CERES Principles - Essay Example As a result, came the moment when the world realized what powerful structures the industrial era had created – corporations. Surely, large companies have never been the greatest evil of the society. Nevertheless, their influence over people’s behavior (buying habits), government regulations and even environment has risen drastically in the latest decades due to the expansion of globalization processes. For that reason the level of social responsibility each company overtakes in the contemporary business environment is now greatly influencing both the society and the company’s success. Similarly, it is very likely that even if the Exxon Valdez wreck had not occurred, CERES would exist today as an organization that helps companies in developing their environment protection strategies and corporate social responsibility principles. Of course, the wreck became a point at which the importance of protecting the environment raised due to the high publicity of the Exxon Valdez incident. Nevertheless, in addition to such cases as Exxon Valdez wreck, the natural development trends of the global business environment would have lead to the creation of an organization like CERES. Furthermore it is worth noting that greater public concern about companies’ being responsible in their business practices has already lead to the development of the corporate responsibility concept and such international documents as, for instance, the Global Compact of United Nations Organization. In particular, this document â€Å"asks companies to embrace, support and enact, within their sphere of influence, a set of core values in the areas of human rights, labor standards, the environment and anti-corruption† (United Nations Global Compact). Another attempt to force companies to conduct business in an environmentally friendly manner is the Copenhagen Accord of 2009. It was a result of the Climate Summit, which was the fifteenth conference of the global govern ments. This agreement was meant to be reached by the world countries in order to reduce human impact on the environment (United Nations 1). However, though the document acknowledges the fact that the temperature rise should be kept below 2 degrees Celsius with the help of emissions reduction, no specific goals were set for the countries to comply with the objective. Another point was that developing countries that are influenced by climate change most of all were to receive financial aid form developed countries in the period of 2010-2012 for adapting to the climate change (United Nations 3). The Accord also encourages the practice of paying developing countries for reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (Vidal, Stratton, and Goldenberg 2009). It should also be noted that previously developed proposals that called the countries for limiting temperature rises to 1.5 degrees Celsius and reducing carbon dioxide emissions by 80% by 2050 were abandoned. In addition, the in teresting fact is that the United States, who refused to sign the Kyoto Protocol of 1997, was the major contributor to and strongest supporter of the Copenhagen Accord. The country’s motive for objecting to sign documents like the Kyoto Protocol, the purpose of which is worldwide reduction of greenhouse gas emission, is, most likely economic. The USA is one of the largest environment polluters in the world because of the high level of economy

Addison's Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Addison's Disease - Essay Example Autoimmunity remains the chief cause of Addison’s disease in Europe and in Africa, although the incidence rates in Africa are comparatively low. The key immunological finding in most patients is the presence of autoantibodies against cytochrome P450 21-hydroxylase, an essential enzyme in the biosynthesis of adrenal steroid hormones. Inadequate amounts of adrenal hormones present symptoms such as hypoglycemia, fatigue, vomiting, and hyperpigmentation among many others. A careful examination of morning cortisol levels and amounts of ACH aid in giving correct diagnosis for patients with Addison’s disease. The only treatment available is replacement therapy using synthetic glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. However, it is vital that diagnosis is made early enough to ensure that the patients start treatment on time and enjoy productive lives. Key Words: Addison’s disease; Adrenal insufficiency; Autoimmunity Introduction Addison’s disease is an endocrine an d immunological disorder that leads to adrenal insufficiency. The pituitary gland secretes excess adrenocorticotropic hormone to make up for the reduced amount of cortisol in the adrenal glands (Burk et al. 215). Autoimmune Addison’s disease occurs due to adrenal inadequacy because of immune mediated destruction of the adrenal cortex (Rottembourg et al. 309). In 1849, Dr. Addison illustrated a form of anemia that had been overlooked. This ailment was common in men between the ages of 20 and 60. It was characterized by a slow onset and took several weeks or even months to display alarming symptoms such as immense fatigue, paleness, and mental and physical incapacitation (Bishop 35). A postmortem of three cases revealed a diseased condition of the suprarenal capsules, which Dr. Addison believed was not a happenstance. He, therefore, decided that the suprarenal capsules were indirectly or indirectly involved in the events that led to the diseased condition. In 1855, Dr. Addison published a monograph addressing the consequences of disease on the suprarenal capsules. It sought to establish the actual functions and impact of these cells. The monograph associated the similarities of the renal suprarenal capsules with the spleen, thyroid body, and thymus to the embellishment of blood (Bishop 36). He further described the progression and key symptoms of the problem and explains that all cases defied curative endeavors and ended lethally. It is worth noting that during that time the functions of the supra-renal capsules were unknown. Later on in 1856, Trousseau called the condition â€Å"La Maladie d’ Addison† (Bishop 37). Charles Edouard Brown-Sequard collected a number of rabbits, cats, and dogs and deprived them of their adrenals. He thought that if the animals did then they would have died because of Addison’s disease. A pressor substance was discovered in the adrenal medulla in 1894 after which Takamine and Aldrich separately isolated th e crystalline form of adrenaline in 1091. Having been synthesized in 1904, adrenaline became the first hormone to be isolated chemically, characterized, and synthesized (Bishop 38). It was then discovered that cortical extracts contained substances that preserved life. The clinical syndrome as described by Dr. Addison was later called Addison’s disease following his relation of adrenal insufficiency to the symptoms. Addison’s disease is prevalent in Western countries compared to African countries as established by Ross et al. during a cohort study of South Africans (292). Etiology There are several causes of Addison’s disease such as marred steroidogenesis, adrenal dysgenesis, and diseases that lead to the destruction of the adrenal cells (Burk et al. 215). Autoimmune destruction of t