Gender wage gaps

â€Å" In all of the advanced capitalist states adult females were sing the contradictions of an instruction which seemed to assure self-fulfilment, and a labor market based on inequalities of category and gender † ( Brinton, 1993, as cited in Threlfall, 1996, p. 270 ) . This statement has been made more than fifteen old ages ago and indicated that adult females were non treated every bit sing work and wage. However, have fortunes changed since so? If yes, did they better or decline and to which widen? The purpose of this paper is to analyze the being of a gender pay spread in Japan and Germany and to measure possible grounds for it. Furthermore, an mentality for the hereafter will be given at the terminal.2. Gender Wage Gap in JapanThe Nipponese jurisprudence system is regulated by the Nipponese Standards Labour Law which was enacted after World War II in 1947. This Nipponese Standards Labour Law contained a clause which should protect working adult females. In world, this cl ause prevented adult females from working inordinate overtime and during darks ( Sama and Papamarcos, 2000 ) . This is why adult females could non mount up the oily pole. Furthermore, this jurisprudence prohibited that adult females were treated otherwise on the footing of sex ( Threlfall, 1996 ) . On top of this, as stated by Threlfall ( 1996 ) , the Standards Labour Law covered merely equal rewards but non publicity or retirement. During this clip, employers could be sued for favoritism, but this was an expensive and time-consuming act as each instance had to be dealt with individually. Additionally, many companies circumvented the danger of cases by new scaling of occupation rubrics ( Threlfall, 1996 ) . This changed in 1986 when the Equal Employment Opportunity Law ( EEOL ) was passed ( Sama and Papamarcos, 2000 ) . This jurisprudence encouraged companies in Japan to handle employees every bit in all facets like rewards, publicity, enlisting and hiring ( Threlfall, 1996 ) . Unfo rtunately, the EEOL contained no punishments for go oning favoritism and besides its amendment, which was enacted in 1999, did non truly better the inequalities sing pay and publicity between work forces and adult females ( Sama and Papamarcos, 2000 ) . Figure 1 clarifies these of import labor Torahs in Japan.Figure 1: Legal Mechanisms and Government EnterprisesNipponese Labour Standards Law of 1947 Contained protective clause for working adult females. Came under examination in 1970s as a possible hindrance to adult females ‘s calling promotion. Equal Employment Opportunity Law ( EEOL ) of 1986 Enacted in 1987, the EEOL called for equal wage for equal work. No punishments for lawbreakers. Employers asked merely to do a good attempt. June 1997 Amendment to the EEOL Enacted in 1999, the amendment lifted limitations on midnight, vacation, and overtime work by adult females in consequence since the 1947 Labor Standards Law. Further stiffened warnings against companies found in misdemeanor of the EEOL. No punishments attached. Beginning: Adapted from: Sama, L. and Papamarcos, S. ( 2000 ) . ‘Culture ‘s effects for working adult females in corporate America and Japan, Ind. ‘ . Cross Cultural Management – An International Journal. Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 18-29. Harmonizing to Selmer ( 2001 ) , the Nipponese â€Å" pay system is based on senior status † ( pp. 236-237 ) . This indicates that publicity and pay rise are automatic and no topic to occupation responsibilities or virtue ( Selmer, 2001 ) . That means that employees get publicity and pay rise when they reach certain age degrees. â€Å" The gender pay spread is measured as the average pay of work forces minus the average pay of adult females, expressed as a proportion of the average pay of work forces † ( Evans, 2002, p. 191 ) . As stated by the World Economic Forum ( 2005 ) , â€Å" no state has yet managed to extinguish the gender spread † ( p. 1 ) . Harmonizing to OECD ( 2007 ) , the adult females ‘s medium pay in Japan is two tierces of that received by work forces. This represents twice the OECD norm. Figure 2 displays the gender pay spread of several states. Blau and Kahn ( 2003 ) stated that the gender pay spread in Japan is up to 85 % ( as cited in Johnes and Tanaka, 2006 ) . This means that adult females earn up to 85 % less than work forces. Recent beginnings indicated a gender pay spread of 65.9 % for 2007 ( Nipponese Institute for Labour Policy and Training, 2008 ) . The differences in the gender pay spread are capable to different informations used for analysis. Some computations include parttime workers, which are chiefly female and others base their computations on full-time employees merely.Figure 2: Gender Pay Gap in 2003Beginning: Adapted from: OECD ( 2007 ) . ‘Highlights Japan ‘ [ online ] . Available at: Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.oecd.org/dataoecd/20/20/39696303.pdf [ Accessed 29 December 2008 ] . 3. Reasons for the Gender Wage Gap in Japan As already stated above, Nipponese houses discriminate on the evidences of gender when paying employees. This chapter evaluates several grounds for the gender pay spread in Japan. First of wholly, many workers in Japan acquire a lifetime employment contract ( Ishii, 2000 ) . Nipponese houses make immense investings in employee preparation and that is why they want their employees to remain as long with the company as possible. Therefore, the continuance of fond regard to a house plays an of import function when negociating rewards. As it is most frequently foreseeable that adult females will non remain with one company for their whole life, because they want to get down a household one twenty-four hours, they reasonably much ne'er acquire a life-time contract ( Ishii, 2000 ) . Therefore, as stated by Ihsii ( 2000 ) , companies make no investing in human capital when they employ adult females as they think they will non profit in the hereafter from this investing as adult females soon er or later leave the company. The 2nd ground for the gender pay spread is based on different experiences. Miyoshi ( 2007 ) argued that there is no gender wage spread when people are employed straight after school, college or university. But when employees accumulate work experience, the pay spread enlarges. Miyoshi ( 2007 ) explains this fact by mentioning to the full-time work experience and senior status. The more full-time work experience an employee has, the more valuable he is. As adult females frequently have less work experience because of child-raising duties and merely parttime occupations, the get less money and less publicity than their male opposite number. Different features of workers represent the 3rd ground for the gender pay spread in Japan. Johnes and Tanaka ( 2006 ) explained that different features like age, work experience, instruction and continuance of work are one ground for the gender wage spread in Japan. They agree with Miyoshi when saying that differences in work experience are the ground for wage inequalities, but they extend the statement by adding other features like age and instruction. The greater portion of the gender pay spread in Japan can be explained by mentioning to the grounds stated above. However, there is besides a smaller portion of the net incomes spread that can non be explained. Harmonizing to Kawaguchi ( 2006 ) , this portion can be attributed to arouse favoritism.4. Gender Wage Gap in GermanySing German jurisprudence, article 3 paragraph 2 of the German Fundamental law of 1949 provinces that work forces and adult females have equal rights ( Maier, 2007 ) . Furthermore, paragraph 3 provinces that no 1 should be discriminated on the evidences of gender. This right for equal intervention and payment was non practiced in world as particular pay groups for adult females were allowed in corporate understandings until 1955 ( Maier, 2007 ) . Furthermore, Maier ( 2007 ) stated that most employees in Germany are paid harmonizing to these corporate understandings, â€Å" although the coverage is worsening † ( p. 11 ) . In 1980, a new paragraph was added to the German Constitution which demanded equal wage for work of equal value ( Winter, 1998 ) . But this amendment brought no opportunity. Later, in 2006, the General Equal Treatment Act was passed and paragraph 7 prohibited â€Å" unequal intervention within any employment relationship † ( Maier, 2007, p. 18 ) . This jurisprudence stated that lower rewards for adult females are non justified if they are based on gender. Unfortunately, German jurisprudence still lacks legal steps to command the execution of equal pay rules. Furthermore, Maier ( 2007 ) stated that it is non easy for adult females to claim their right for equal wage. Class actions are non allowed and therefore, all adult females must convey their single claim to tribunal. As this is frequently an expensive and time-consuming procedure, many complainants refrain from registering a suit ( Maier, 2007 ) . That is why Germany has a important high gender pay spread, although the German authorities has a female Chan cellor of the Exchequer ( Plass, 2008 ) . In world, as stated by Plass ( 2008 ) , Germany has one of the highest gender wage spreads on the European continent. Furthermore, more than 90 per centum of all on the job adult females are discriminated and earn between 80 and 210 cents less per hr ( Grad & A ; iacute ; n, del R & A ; iacute ; o and Cant & A ; oacute ; , 2006 ) . Legal norms for equal wage in Germany are displayed in figure 3.Figure 3: Legal Norms on Equal Pay in GermanyLegal footing Article/paragraph Persons covered Basic Law ( Grundgesetz ) Article 3 Para 2 and 3 All employees Civil Code ( B & A ; uuml ; rgerliches Gesetzbuch )  § 612 Para 3 ; Replaced by General Equal Treatment Act ( Allgemeines Gleichstellungsgesetz AGG ) in 2006,  §Ã‚ §3, 7, 8Any employment relationshipBeginning: Adapted from: Maier, F. ( 2007 ) . ‘The continuity of the gender pay spread in Germany ‘ [ online ] . Available at: Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //ww w.harriet-taylor-mill.de/pdfs/ discuss/Discussion % 20Paper % 2001 % 202007.pdf [ Accessed 29 December 2008 ] . Harmonizing to the German authorities statistics agency, Destatis, working adult females in Germany earned 24 per centum less than work forces in 2006 ( as cited in Plass, 2008 ) . As stated by Maier ( 2007 ) , this figure has been reduced to 22 per centum in 2007. Whereas the mean difference in wage is 15 per centum in the European Union ( Spiegel Online International, 2008 ) .5. Reasons for the Gender Wage Gap in GermanySeveral grounds contribute to the big gender pay spread in Germany. First of wholly, as mentioned by Lauer ( n.d. ) , adult females frequently do non possess the same instruction and accomplishments as work forces do. Employers who place value on these exact accomplishments are likely to pay adult females less in order to counterbalance the deficiency of accomplishments and cognition. Furthermore, Lauer ( n.d. ) besides mentioned that accomplishments and cognition may be rewarded otherwise between work forces and adult females. Meaning that adult females with the same educational background and cognition will gain less because these indistinguishable accomplishments are non rewarded the same manner by the employer. In add-on, Maier ( 2007 ) identified the deficiency of legal barriers against low rewards as a ground for the gender wage differences in Germany. As there exists no general lower limit pay in Germany, and as the state has about three million unemployed individuals ( Bundesagentur f & A ; uuml ; R Arbeit, 2008 ) , it is easy for employers to make full a low-paid vacancy. Furthermore, Lauer ( n.d. ) identified occupational crowding of adult females in low paid businesss as another beginning for gaining inequalities between work forces and adult females in Germany. There is besides the fact that there is a low proportion of working adult females in extremely paid places ( Maier, 2007 ) . Concluding, Maier ( 2007 ) stated that factors like age, instruction and work experience present merely a really unimportant ground for pay favoritism. Again, the unexplained portion of the gender pay spread can be attributed to favoritism based on gender ( Lauer, n.d. ) .6. Similarities and Differences between Japan and GermanyAfter analysing the gender pay spread in Japan and Germany and its grounds, several similarities every bit good as differences can be pointed out. First of wholly, there is a important high gender pay spread in both states, although the difference in net incomes is higher in Japan with about 35 per centum compared to Germany with approximately 22 per centum ( Maier, 2007 ) . However, the German net incomes spread is 7 per centum higher than the European Union norm ( Spiegel Online International, 2008 ) . Both states put accent on the features of employees. Age, work experience and instruction are of import when negociating rewards. As adult females frequently have less instruction or work experience than work forces ( Lauer, n.d. ) , they get paid less than their male opposite number. Furthermore, portion of the gender pay spread in both states is an unexplained portion which can be attributed to gender favoritism ( Kawaguchi, 2006 ; Lauer, n.d. ) . Differences between the two states can be found in the fact that Nipponese employers discriminate when puting in human capital. Due to the Nipponese lifetime employment, many employers consider instead carefully whether to use adult females or non. As it is obvious to them that adult females will go forth the company some twenty-four hours for child-raising responsibilities, they will thereby take away the human capital in which the company invested.7. DecisionEven if both states enacted Torahs in the 80ies which should guarantee equal wage for work of equal value, there is still a important gender pay spread discernible. Japan every bit good as Germany managed during the last to decennaries to contract this spread, but this happened likely merely because of the new Torahs which were enforced. When looking in front, both states will likely hold a different hereafter. Japan will lodge to its lifetime employment system ( Kato, 2001 ) and thereby will maintain the net incomes spread bet ween work forces and adult females stable. The fact that more and more Nipponese adult females decide to prosecute their callings can perchance assist in contracting the gender wage spread ( Fackler, 2007 ) . Germany is likely to increase the gender wage spread as the coverage of corporate understandings, which set equal rewards for work forces and adult females, is worsening ( Maier, 2007 ) . Furthermore, every bit long as there is no support from the authorities to implement the right for equal money for work of equal value, the gender pay spread will non be narrowed.8. Bibliography,Blau, F. and Kahn, L. ( 2003 ) . ‘Understanding international differences in the gender wage spread ‘ . Journal of Labor Economics. Vol. 21, pp. 106-144. Brinton, M. ( 1993 ) . Womans and the economic miracle: gender and work in post-war Japan. Berkeley: Calif. Bundesagentur degree Fahrenheit & A ; uuml ; R Arbeit ( 2008 ) . ‘Der Arbeits- und Ausbildungsmarkt in Deutschland ‘ ( The work and instruction market in Germany ) [ on-line ] . Available at: Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pub. arbeitsamt.de/hst/services/statistik/000000/html/start/monat/ aktuell.pdf [ Accessed 6 January 2009 ] . Evans, J. ( 2002 ) . ‘work/family rapprochement, gender pay equity and occupational segregation: the function of rims and public policy ‘ [ online ] . Available at: Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //economics.ca/cgi/jab? journal= cpp & A ; view=v28s1/CPPv28s1p187.pdf [ Accessed 16 December 2008 ] . Fackler, M. ( 2007 ) . ‘Career adult females in Japan find a out of use way ‘ . The New York Times, [ online ] . Available at: Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. nytimes.com/2007/08/06/world/asia/06equal.html [ Accessed 6 January 2009 ] . Grad & A ; iacute ; n, C. , del R & A ; iacute ; o, C. and Cant & A ; oacute ; , O. ( 2006 ) . ‘Poverty and adult females ‘s labo ur market activity: the function of gender pay favoritism in the EU ‘ [ online ] . Available at: Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ecineq.org/milano/ WP/ECINEQ2006-40.pdf [ Accessed 6 January 2009 ] . Ishii, H. ( 2000 ) . ‘Occupational segregation and the gender pay spread in Japan ‘ [ online ] . Available at: Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kli.re.kr/ iira2004/pro/papers/HisakoISHII.pdf [ Accessed 05 January 2009 ] . Nipponese Institute for Labour Policy and Training ( 2008 ) . ‘Wages and labor costs ‘ [ online ] . Available at: Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jil.go. jp/english/estatis/databook/2008/05.htm [ Accessed 05 January 2009 ] . Johnes, G. and Tanaka, Y. ( 2006 ) . ‘Changes in gender pay favoritism in the ninetiess: a narrative of three different economic systems ‘ . Japan and the World Economy. Vol. 20, pp. 97-113. Kato, T. ( 2001 ) . ‘The t erminal of lifetime employment in Japan? : grounds from national studies and field research ‘ . Journal of the Japanese and International Economies. Vol. 15, pp. 489-514. Kawaguchi, D. ( 2006 ) . ‘A market trial for sex favoritism: grounds from Nipponese firm-level panel informations ‘ . International Journal of Industrial Organization. Vol. 25, pp. 441-460. Lauer, C. ( n.d. ) . ‘Gender pay spread in West Germany: how far do gender differences in human capital affair? ‘ [ online ] . Available at: Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm? abstract_id=217651 [ Accessed 6 January 2009 ] . Maier, F. ( 2007 ) . ‘The continuity of the gender pay spread in Germany ‘ [ online ] . Available at: Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.harriet-taylor-mill.de/pdfs/discuss/Discussion % 20Paper % 2001 % 202007.pdf [ Accessed 29 December 2008 ] . Miyoshi, K. ( 2007 ) . ‘Male-female pay derived functions in Japan ‘ . Japan and the World Economy. Vol. 20, pp. 479-496. OECD ( 2007 ) . ‘Highlights Japan ‘ [ online ] . Available at: Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.oecd.org/dataoecd/20/20/39696303.pdf [ Accessed 29 December 2008 ] . Plass, S. ( 2008 ) . ‘German adult females struggle with gender pay spread ‘ . International Herald Tribune, [ online ] . Available at: Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: // www.iht.com/articles/2008/08/28/business/women.php? page=1 [ Accessed 31 December 2008 ] . Sama, L. and Papamarcos, S. ( 2000 ) . ‘Culture ‘s effects for working adult females in corporate America and Japan, Ind. ‘ . Cross Cultural Management – An International Journal. Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 18-29. Selmer, J. ( 2001 ) . ‘Human resource direction in Japan ‘ . International Journal of Manpower. Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 235-243. Spiegel Online International ( 2008 ) . ‘German adult females earn a fifth less than work forces ‘ . Spiegel Online International, [ online ] . Available at: Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518, 558526,00.html [ Accessed 31 December 2008 ] . Threlfall, M. ( 1996 ) . Maping the adult females ‘s motion. London: Verso. Winter, R. ( 1998 ) . Gleiches Entgelt degree Fahrenheit & A ; uuml ; r gleichwertige Arbeit: Ein Prinzip ohne Praxis ( Equal wage for work of equal value: a rule without practice. ) . Baden-Baden. World Economic Forum ( 2005 ) . ‘Women ‘s authorization: mensurating the planetary gender spread ‘ [ online ] . Available at: Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.weforum.org/pdf/Global_Competitiveness_Reports/Reports/gender_gap.pdf [ Accessed 30 December 2008 ] .

Pirates of Silicon Valley Essay

1.) What does this story tells us? What happens in the story? How does it relates us? The Pirates of Silicon Valley is a film about Steve Jobs, the co-founder of Apple Computers and Bill Gates, the co-founder of Microsoft. This film historically traces the development of these two computer companies from the time these two gentlemen are college (the early to mid 1970’s) to approximately 3 months before Steve Jobs was fired by John Sculley, then CEO of Apple Computer in 1985. This story shows not only the development of these two computer companies, but also the rivalry between Steve Jobs and Bill Gates. It highlights the computer giants of that time, who were Hewlett Packard, Xerox and IBM. However, the idea of the personal computer was just gaining speed and this is where both Steve Jobs and Bill Gates found their niche. What many people don’t know about these revolutionaries is that they worked together until Steve Jobs realized that Bill Gates developed Windows from software Apple had designed for their computers. Why is it called â€Å"Pirates of Silicon Valley?† The irony of this situation is that Apple stole the â€Å"windows concept† from Xerox; hence the title, â€Å"The pirates  of Silicon Valley†. Silicon Valley is an area of northern California where the computer development of the 1980’s and 1990’s surged. The button line of the story it relates the sad facts that Steve Jobs had disaffected so many of his former best friends that none of them wanted to toast him for his 30th birthday, in fact, three months later Steve Jobs was fired from the company he helped found. He was later re-hired in 1997 and became the architect of the second Apple Microsoft co-endeavor bringing the companies and the movie full circle. Even though Steve Jobs was fired from the company, it was then not a waste because he was happily living with his family. This film is a wonderful illustration of modern day entrepreneurs and gives us an inside look at the management style of both Steve Jobs and Bill Gates.I would recommend this film to anyone, student or not. It is an enlightening depiction of the evolution of a true phenomenon, the age of personal computers. Even more so, this film shows the men behind the machines, a story that shouldn’t be missed. 2.) This tech-world biopic traces the fortunes of personal-computer companies Apple and Microsoft from their obscure dorm-room and backyard origins to their very public battle for corporate supremacy. Writer/director Martyn Burke follows the parallel lives of Microsoft founder Bill Gates (Anthony Michael Hall) and Apple co-founders Steve Jobs (Noah Wyle) and Steve Wozniak (Joey Slotnick) — the former a crafty Harvard dropout, the latter a pair of hippies with jobs at Hewlett-Packard and a yen to sell miniature versions of corporate mainframes to small businesses and at-home enthusiasts. Much like the personal-computer industry itself, the action starts with Apple then gradually shifts to Microsoft. The former plot thread recounts how Jobs and Wozniak â€Å"borrowed† key concepts from a Xerox computer lab, eked out their success as countercultural businessmen, and finally fell out with one another over the pressure of success. The latter thread focuses on the way Gates learned from, then surpassed, the brains behind Apple and turned his company into the global powerhouse that it is today. Based on Paul Freiberger andMichael Swaine’s Fire in the Valley: The Making of the Personal Computer, the film actually focuses only on that book’s final chapters. Produced for cable channel TNT, Pirates of Silicon Valley debuted June 18, 1999. ~ Brian J. Dillard, Rovi 3.) The film opens with the creation of the 1984 commercial for Apple Computer, which introduced the first Macintosh. Steve Jobs (Noah Wyle) is speaking with director Ridley Scott (J. G. Hertzler), trying to convey his idea that â€Å"We’re creating a completely new consciousness.† Scott, however, is more concerned at the moment with the technical aspects of the commercial. The film then flashes forward to 1997 as Jobs, who has returned to Apple, is announcinga new deal with Microsoft at the 1997 Macworld Expo. His partner, Steve Wozniak (Joey Slotnick), is introduced as one of the two central narrators of the story. Wozniak notes to the audience the resemblance between â€Å"Big Brother† and the image of Bill Gates(Anthony Hall) on the screen behind Jobs during this announcement. Asking how they â€Å"got from there to here,† the film turns to flashbacks of his youth with Jobs, prior to the forming of Apple. The first flashback of the film takes place on the U.C. Berkeley campus during the period of the early 1970s student movements. Jobs and Wozniak are shown caught on the campus during a riot between students and police. They flee and after finding safety, Jobs states to Wozniak, â€Å"Those guys think they’re revolutionaries. They’re not revolutionaries, we are.† Wozniak then comments that â€Å"Steve was never like you or me. He always saw things differently. Even when I was in Berkeley, I would see something and just see kilobytesor circuit boards while he’d see karma or the meaning of the universe.† Using a similar structure, the film next turns to a young Bill Gates at Harvard University, in the early 1970s, with classmate Steve Ballmer (John DiMaggio), and Gates’ high school friend Paul Allen (Josh Hopkins). As with Wozniak in the earlier segment, Ballmer narrates Gates’ story, particularly the moment when Gates discovers the existence of Ed Roberts’ (Gailard Sartain) MITS Altair (causing him to drop out of Harvard). Gates’ and Allen’s early work with MITS is juxtaposed against the involvement of Jobs and Wozniak with theHomebrew Computer Club, eventually leading to the development of the Apple I in 1976 with the help of angel investor Mike Markkula(Jeffrey Nordling). The story follows the protagonists as they develop their technology and their businesses. At a San Francisco computer fair where the Apple II computer is introduced, Gates (the then-unknown Microsoft CEO), attempts to introduce himself to Jobs, who snubs him. This is followed by the development of the IBM-PC with the help of Gates and Microsoft in 1981. It also follows Jobs’ relationship with his high school girlfriend (Gema Zamprogna) and the difficulties he had acknowledging the birth and existence of their daughter, Lisa. Around the time his daughter was born, Jobs unveiled his next computer, which he named, The Lisa. The Lisa was then followed in 1984 by the Macintosh, a computer inspired by the Xerox Alto. The main body of the film finally concludes with a birthday toast in 1985 to Steve Jobs shortly before he was fired by CEO John Sculley (Allan Royal) from Apple Computer. It also includes a brief epilogue, noting what happened afterward in the lives of Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. The movie ends with Steve Jobs returning to Apple after its acquisition of NeXT Computer, and Bill Gates appearing live via satellite at a MacWorld Expo in 1997, during Jobs’ first Stevenote keynote address, to announce an alliance between Apple and Microsoft. 4.) Summary: This movie showed the progression of the computer since the 1970’s. It also shows the competition between IBM. Bill Gates, and Steve Jobs. The movie gives a real life perspective of the struggles they faced in their personal lives and the struggles they went through within their companies. Jobs started constructing computers with his partner, Wozniak, in a small garage, while Gates began building computer software in a motel warehouse. Jobs became more successful than Gates in the beginning when he created the Apple Company and was making new computers almost every year. Although Steve Jobs had great marketing skills, he treated his employees horrible. They worked extremely long hours and when he got mad, he would take it out on them. Gates was a lot more laid back with his employees. Throughout the movie Gates and Jobs tried their hardest to make their companies better than the others. Apple was more focused on creating the computers themselves and Microsoft was eager to design the actual software and hard drives that were being put into the computers. At one point in the movie Bill Gates saw what Jobs’ was doing and wanted to make his prototype his own. He convinced Steve Jobs to let him work for Apple only later to find out that Gates stole the computer information and redesigned it to create his own computer and sell it to other marketers. After stealing Job’s ideas, Bill Gates became one of the richest men in the world. At one point in the career of Apple, Steve Jobs was fired only to return a few years later with an attitude adjustment. In the end, both companies became very successful but neither were able to gain each others full trust and merge into one large company. Thoughts: I liked this movie a lot because it was very informative but also very interesting. It was inspirational to see two different companies that started out as nothing becomes something so big. Both Steve Jobs and Bill Gates were incredibly intelligent people who had their own strengths and weaknesses. Though they were great marketers, I don’t think I would be able to work for either of them. Steve Jobs treated his employees so cruelly while Bill Gates was so brilliant he might be hard to keep up with. Steve Jobs took more risks and developed things more quickly while Bill Gates took his time and in the long run came out ahead. I think they should make a sequel to this movie and show how much farther computers have come today.

Mathew Restall’s Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest Essay

Mathew Restall’s Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest is a well-written book that serves an important purpose. That purpose being: the debunking of generally accepted falsehoods about the Spanish Conquest beginning in the 15th century. Restall’s book is separated into seven chapters that specifically address general myths most historians and students perceive as basic — universal truths. Restall uses the term â€Å"myth† to describe the inaccurate/fictitious depiction of history â€Å"commonly taken to be true, partially or absolutely.† These â€Å"myths† are the progenitors of unintentionally self-centered perceptions of events historically recorded in subjectivity. The Self-absorption, relating to the over exaggeration and mystification of the Spanish Conquest, germinated over time. Excitements about the â€Å"New World† took Spain by storm and subsequently lead to a heterogeneity of mythical depictions. The chapters of the book discuss seven myths; the myth of exceptional men, the king’s army, the white conquistador, completion, (mis) communication, native desolation, and superiority. Too much credit is given to the men who were apart of the conquest. These men are credited for innovating a unique skill set that allowed them to conquer the natives when in reality, they were merely utilizing strategies and techniques the Spaniards had been using for years in their conflicts in North Africa and other regions. Restall relied heavily on the writings of the conquistadors and natives to determine the truth behind all of the myth and folklore. A common myth is that the conquistadors were sent directly by the king of Spain to conquer the Americas as soldiers but Restall proves this myth to be incorrect based off of the writings of the conquistadors themselves. These men had a variety of â€Å"identities, occupations, and motivations—and were far more interesting than that.â⠂¬  Another common misconception speaks of the exclusivity and efficiency as to which the conquest was achieved. The myth is that the conquistadors conquered the America’s relatively quickly in a sovereign effort but Restall explains that the Spaniards had a lot of help from the Natives and African’s and the â€Å"completion† of conquest was anything but; as mass portions of the land remained unscathed by the conquest. Restall effortlessly explains how the conquistador myths of superior communication between the Spaniards and Natives were just as fabricated as the modern misconception of inferior communication by historians. The communication between the two, or lack thereof, fell somewhere between both myths. Restall uses his concise writing style to explain the resilience of the Natives, debunking the myth of Native desolation and how the myth of superiority derives from Eurocentric beliefs of racial dominance which lead to racist ideologies that â€Å"underpinned colonial expansion from the late fifteenth to early twentieth centuries.† Restall’s work in this book administers a revitalizing dose of truth to historic and modern misconceptions of the Spanish Conquest. The book is not very long but it is written in an entertaining prose that fluidly transitions between concepts. The arguments are solid and detailed making it almost too easy to follow. Restall’s research seemingly taunts historic perspective and makes you question how you could have ever believed the contrary. His clear and concise depiction of events paint an obvious picture of subjectivity on the part of the conquistadors and embellishment on the part of historians. The book challenges all major explanations of the Spanish Conquest and blames them on Eurocentric ideologies that boast racial superiority. It was this racist misconception that lead to an embellishment of circumstances over time. Historians rewrote history in a way that made them look far more superior then that of the Natives but Restall lays those misconceptions to rest. The book focuses on the big ideas that are – and have been – generally accepted as common knowledge, which is a much larger task than tackling ambiguous points that could be argued either way. Although this book isn’t very long, it is a very ambitious and bold correction of facile arguments that have stood the test of time. Restall’s critique and correction of the Spanish Conquest should be read on all levels of education. High school students should read this book as they begin to establish a basic level of understanding of these historical events. College students can use this text to challenge their established beliefs and grow their knowledge of the subject matter by gaining a new and exciting perspective. Teachers and professors can gain to learn more about the subject so that they may foster engaging debates and discussion in class on the course material. While this book challenges the accuracy or lack-thereof, of a specific historical event, it subsequently forces us as student, teachers and historians to view all events in history with a healthy sense of skepticism. Restall’s attempt to debunk common misconceptions or â€Å"myths† was very successful. Overall, his arguments were crisp, concise and convincing. The writing style of Restell made for an especially easy read that was as entertaining as it was informational. The ease at which he navigates through the subject matter makes you question your understanding of all major historical events. Not only should students on all levels who are interested in the subject be required to read this text but their teachers and professors as well. It’s important that teachers and professors make themselves familiar with the historical inaccuracies of this subject so that they won’t make the same mistakes and continue to proliferate the mis-education of the Spanish Conquest.

Branding Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Branding - Assignment Example The companies look at branding to create certain amount of awareness and reputation related to the product and the organization and places the firm at a better place in the market. The real value of brand comes from its ability to add values and delivering profit to the organization by creating loyalty among the customers. Branding is not only used in terms of marketing but also from the financial perspective. Getting the value recognition and image for the customers helps the organization to gain financial impact (Schatte, 2010; Clifton, 2010; Blackett and Boad, 1999; Franzen and Moriarty, 2008). This report focuses on the company Cinnabon Inc., that started its first operation in the year 1985 in the Sea Tac Mall. The company was specially known for its â€Å"world's best cinnamon roll†, which was prepared after the team found the best flavoured cinnamon in Indonesia and mastered the recipe (Cinnabon, Inc., 2012a). This company has grown into a world famous brand with its un matched craving appeal among the customers for their baked goods and various types of beverages. This report aims to design a branding strategy for Cinnabon Inc. Current branding strategy of Cinnabon Inc. Few decades ago Cinnabon Inc. ... bon to the distribution channel along with the varied range of products and at the same time making sure that the expanding brand of Cinnabon continuous to operate as an integrated and seamless whole (Fehrenbach, 2013; BusinessWire, 2013). Multi-Channel Operations Cinnabon Inc, does not operates as a one-dimensional brand that plays in just one segment or channel. They are into a multichannel business leading the brand across different channels and ensuring that every channel integrates with each other so that it can accelerate the brand image. Thus, the multichannel brand management successfully is the major challenge for the organization. The organization is currently operating in about 48 countries with over 900 franchises and is approaching towards the annual sales of about $1 billion (Fehrenbach, 2013; Goudreau, 2012). In recent years the organization has experienced a magnificent growth by creating and marketing new products that can looked through two new conduits such as lice nsed product that are sold by other outlets like fast-food restaurants and consumer packaged goods that are sold in grocery stores. Immediate consumption food services has been operating as the main channel through the franchise bakeries, which is the most common company’s face to the consumers; but now the company has planned to move towards few more newer channels like grocery retail and food service licensing (Thorn, 2013). Therefore, the main aim of Cinnabon Inc. at present to manage these multichannel operations such they mingle among themselves well and enhance the brand image of the organization. Protection of Brand Image Using multiple channels to make the products available to the consumer opens door to other challenges too like protecting the brand. According to Cole there are

Summarize an article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Summarize an - Article Example (Garfinkel) Moreover, developers have no idea about the cybersecurity; therefore they can leave holes in the application to exploit them with the malicious application. We should underline also the fact that even companies themselves use hackers for â€Å"strengthening† their defenses and in the result they teach hackers to override the sophisticated securities. Hacking became more popular within the last decade when the internet became wide-spread when all computers have united in the huge net, where hackers can easily reach victim with the money or with the needed information. Particularly, banks’ structures are open for the hackers’ connection within the idea that users can use internet to fulfill their bank needs. And hackers can do so too, however without the permission of the banks’ staff. It means that in the most cases it is people who create, produce or develop the security means and application are cause to the increasing troubles with the securi ty. Even people who defend computers themselves can help hackers to reach the target; we all know the Iran’s case when the hackers have reached the isolated from the internet

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 17

Art - Essay Example The third photograph indicates the initial stages of a sisal plant, the second shows the sisal plant while at the farm while the first photo represent a period at which the sisal is harvested ready for use. The stages represented the economic activity at the period of photography. It represents the livelihood of the people at the specific period. The background of the first photo shows a cloudy sky representing perfect weather for farming. The first photo also represents culture and dressing of the region at the given time. It shows that they where weavers as represented by the sisal cap worn by the main in the picture. It also represents the man as a farmer. The existence of the two economic activities indicates the presence of trade and interactions between people at the given period and rime. The budding stage of sisal represents the initial cultural practices with the second photograph indicating the changes within these

Death and Dying, Rituals and Afterlife, Beliefs of the Ancient Greeks Dissertation

Death and Dying, Rituals and Afterlife, Beliefs of the Ancient Greeks - Dissertation Example The ancient Greek had several beliefs related to the dead and dying, they had strong beliefs and rites which reflected the role of human soul, location and actions believed to have occurred after death and as a result they formulated strict rituals which were to be performed after a person died and their beliefs: which were interconnected with death played a fundamental role during the death rituals (Taylor 39-51). The funerals of the ancient Greek consisted of three acts which were observed to the minute detail. These acts comprised of the procedures of laying down the deceased’s body, the procession to the grave yard, and the actual burial of the cremated remains of the dead. Similar to most funerals in today’s civilized world; the ancient Greek displayed family wealth and kinship ties. It was both a ceremony and much like a social event to bid farewell to the dead as well as an act of consolation to the family of the deceased. However, this was a function that displa yed the family’s wealth and kinship, it was further a rite of passage from the living soul to the afterlife and the main purpose was to support the soul along its journey to afterlife. (Taylor 83-109). The ancient Greek strongly believed that if the soul was not buried; then its entrance into the Hades would be compromised and thus the fundamental purpose of these rituals was extremely important to the future of the soul after death. Most of the ancient Greeks believe that; if the soul was not allowed to enter into the Hades then it was not be able to gain peace for it was to be disembodied. This created great fear among the Greeks and the denial of proper burial rites was often used as a punishment for those who had committed serious crimes during their lifetime. The most feared type of death was at sea since the body could not be retrieved to be accorded proper burial (Robben 61-75). Death Deities in Greek Legend and Myth Like in most religions, there were deities in Ancien t Greek which were accorded roles and responsibilities during the personification of the deceased. There are various deities, who are either related to or are offered to the personification of the deceased and some of the most common deities that existed are as discussed below: Hades Hades was known as the underworld Greek god, it was the destination of the soul after the death of an individual. This god presided over the punishment of the deceased after he/she died. The name of the god was also the synonym of the underworld and it is similar to the Christian belief of the existence of Hell (Robben 93-117). Thanatos Thanatos was the brother of Hypnos and the son of Nyx; the god of sleep and also the goddess of night. Further, he was also the Greek death personification. When an individual passed away, it would be his responsibility to direct the soul to the underworld (Obayashi 24-33). The Fates Under Greek mythology, the Fates were three sisters which were responsible for the desti ny of the soul. They were also associated with death as they determined for how long an individual was supposed to live before he died. The three sisters were: Clotho who spinned and individuals thread of life, Lachesis who determined the lifespan of a person, and Atropos who after the others had made their decisions, she would eventually cut the thread of life of an individual hence ending his life (Taylor 113-148). Greek Concept of

Strategic Management of Chevron Corporation Case Study

Strategic Management of Chevron Corporation - Case Study Example The company has established an extensive social network. It takes seriously its role across the globe. It has a strong network of retail gas stations which consist of Chevron, Texaco and Caltex. Its operations range from producing oil to manufacturing petrochemical. In countries where Chevron does business, it is a strong supporter of programs that support the community. It works with local and national governments and other organizations to provide basic human needs, education and career training, support for local businesses. It has a university partnership program which works with colleges and universities around the world to provide scholarships and grants to outstanding students. Chevron is helping most countries diversify their economies by investing in all aspects of the energy industry. It aids countries gain self reliance as it enables them produce commodities that they would otherwise import. It works closely with leaders in its operational countries to select social infrastructure projects for funding such as schools, hospitals and electrical projects. The company works to add value to businesses and communities around the globe. It supplies the countries with professional and versatile task forces through spreading knowledge and skills in entrepreneurship. Competitor analysis Chevron Company mainly faces competition from industries dealing with petroleum refining, manufacturing of chemicals, alternative power generation, gas stations and electrical utilities. Its main competitors are ExxonMobil, Royal Dutch Shell, ConocoPhillips, BP p.I.c. and Anadarko Petroleum Corporation. It has used strategic planning and corporate management to establish itself on top of the energy industry. Its E-business applications have greatly added to its measure of success. In the modern globalized world, the success of companies will be measured by how well they have leveraged E-business applications to beat competition (Thierauf & Hoctor, 2003). Supplier analysis Chevron has developed some of the world’

Development of ACETO as a Human Health Products Corporation Essay - 15

Development of ACETO as a Human Health Products Corporation - Essay Example The percentage of US consumers is at 68%, most of whom are reliable consumers. This increase in the dollar amounts from assets and sales is due to the quality of products that have stood out amidst a heated competitive ground. Aceto Corporation relies on its underlying entities like long-term assets and this poses a threat to its future financial performance (Aceto Corporation, 2015). The derivatives act as a hedge for any modifications of prices or accessing markets that are not easy to penetrate. In the case of huge price adjustments, over-reliance on the underlying entities may affect the revenue generated and therefore interfere with ACETO’s net profit. Such occurrences can affect the share value including the confidence of potential investors. Some of the operational items recorded in the news release by Aceto Corporation include multiple sales that have increased by over 100%. The statistics released late 2014 reveal that ACETO has a lot of potential in terms of satisfying a growing market and maintaining a quality of products. The performance chemicals were a strategic item in 2014 that led to increased profits. This growth in demand as a result of improvement in product mix which was warmly received by the consumers (Aceto Corporation, 2015). Human health and pharmaceuticals was a great pillar that upheld the rapid increase in sales amounting to over 70% gross profits. This backed up the strategy transforming ACETO into an organization that provides for human health products.  Ã‚  

Dialysis Experience Essay Example for Free

Dialysis Experience Essay Hemodialysis (HD) is one of several renal replacement therapies used for the treatment of end stage kidney disease (ESKD) and kidney failure. Dialysis removes excess fluids and waste products and restores chemical and electrolyte balance. HD involves passing the patient’s blood through an artificial semipermeable membrane to perform the filtering and excretion functions of the kidney. One important step before starting regular hemodialysis sessions is preparing the vascular access; ideally, a vascular access should be placed weeks or months before you start dialysis. The early placement of the vascular access will allow sufficient time for the access to heal and mature. The three basic kinds of vascular access for hemodialysis are an arteriovenous (AV) fistula, an arteriovenous (AV) graft, and a venous catheter. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) occurs though diffusion and osmosis across the semipermeable peritoneal membrane and capillaries. The peritoneal membrane is large and porous. It allows solutes and water to move from an area of higher concentration in the blood to an area of lower concentration in the dialyzing fluid (diffusion). The fluid and waste products dialyzed from the patient move through the blood vessel walls, the interstitial tissues, and the peritoneal membrane and are removed when the dialyzing fluid is drained from the body through a siliconized rubber (Silastic) catheter that is surgically placed into the abdominal cavity. PD is slower than hemodialysis (HD), however, and more time is needed to achieve the same effect. As far as treatment options, both have complications. Hemodialysis includes Disequilibrium syndrome, muscle cramps, hemorrhage, air embolus, cardiac dysrhythmia, and Hemodynamic changes such as hypotension and anemia. Peritoneal dialysis complications include protein loss, peritonitis, hyperglycemia, respiratory distress, and bowel perforation. Hemodialysis Nursing care and roles are to monitor the patient immediately and for several hours after dialysis for any side effects from the treatment. Common problems include hypotension, headache, nausea, malaise, and vomiting, dizziness, and muscle cramps. The nurse must obtain vital signs and weight for comparison with pre-dialysis measurements. Blood pressure and weight are expected to be reduced as a result of fluid removal. Hypotension may require rehydration with IV fluids, such as normal saline. The patient’s temperature may also be elevated because the dialysis machine warms the blood slightly. If a fever results, sepsis may be present and a blood sample is needed for culture and sensitivity. The heparin required during hemodialysis increases the clotting time and thus the risk for excessive bleeding. All invasive procedures must be avoided for 4 to 6 hours after dialysis. Continually monitor the patient for hemorrhage during dialysis and for one hour after. Peritoneal dialysis nursing care and roles are to start and monitor during PD. Before treatment, assess baseline vital signs including blood pressure, apical and radial pulse rates, temperature, quality of respirations, and breath sounds. Weigh the patient, always on the same scale, before the procedure and at least 24 hours while receiving treatment. Weight should be checked after a drain and before the next fill to monitor the patient’s dry weight. Baseline laboratory tests, such as electrolyte and glucose levels, are obtained before starting PD and are repeated at least daily during the treatment. Vital signs need to be recorded every 15-30 minutes. Assess for signs of respiratory distress, pain, discomfort. Dressing around the catheter site must be checked every 30 minutes for wetness during procedure. Maintain accurate inflow and outflow records. The nurse monitors the treatment to make sure the client is getting the right amount of hemodialysis to remove enough wastes from the blood. About once a month, the client’s blood will be tested by using one of two formulas; urea reduction ratio (URR) or total urea clearance (Kt/V). The physician may adjust the hemodialysis intensity and frequency based on the test results. These labs are crucial and must be checked monthly while being on dialysis. Mr. L was the gentleman I chose to assess, he was very friendly and talkative; has been a dialysis client for the past three years. He has dialysis treatments three times a week, and treatments are approximately 3 to 4 hours long depending on his level that day. I asked Mr. L how he felt about being on dialysis and his response was â€Å"In the early days of dialysis, I would not even drive myself home. I would just collapse on the couch in he living room and be there until morning. But all that has changed. I now drive myself to and from dialysis, and I feel just fine after. I even have a part time job now. I tend to be very hungry after dialysis so I try eating something as soon as I get home. Just one evening recently it was like old times. It was because the nurse took off more than I wanted and my body really reacted to it. I just went home and collapsed. I was not even able to work the next day. But that is very rare for me. † I enjoyed our conversation and my experience at the dialysis center.

Comparison of American and French Revolutions

Comparison of American and French Revolutions Revolution have different definition, according to the way it been understood by people/society, some people/society see the idea of revolution as less important and unnecessary, while some people/society feel there is need for revolution because revolution bring change for good and progress in a particular society, the French and American revolution is a good example of the advantage of revolution. So let me give a brief definition and explanation of revolution. REVOLUTION Revolution can be defined as the modification of a government from one change to another, because of it tyrannical and corrupt nature. Revolution can also be seen as a change in the way a country is been rule/governed, it usually to a political unit, and lead to violence or war, people forceful overthrow a government that are oppressing, taking advantage of the people, misusing their position as government and take away their freedom and rights as citizens. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION The American continent was discovered towards the end of 15th century, in the American revolution was a political upheaval that took place between 1775-1783,the American colonies rejected monarchy and aristocracy in a revolutionary move, overthrew the authority of Britain and founded the united states of American, the American were been rule by the Britain for a very long time and were not happy with the way there been treated and needed a change so that lead to their raise for freedom and declaration of independence The American where against the colonial administration because their felt their deserve the right of the Englishmen. When the American Revolution began in 1775 the American colonists were not yet fighting for independence from Britain.instead, they were attempting to preserve their rights as british citizens which had been violated by taxation and military oppression. The complex causes of the revolution ultimately led to the colonists issuing a declaration of independence and fighting a war for freedom from British rule. After winning the French and Indian war, King George II decided that it was time to tighten Britain’s control over the colonies there were several reasons from this, one was because the Indians still posed a threat to the british government and second, the French indian war which lasted seven years had cost Britain a lot of money. The king wanted the colonies to help pay for all those expenses. The first of several laws to accomplish this was the proclamation of 1763 which forbade the colonists to move westward part the Appalachian mountain.in 1764, Britain passed a law that prevented the colonies to print and use their own money. These and several other laws passed to tighten the English reign on the colonies brought out a lot of anger and frustration.But the one law that really angered the colonists was the: STAMP ACTS OF March 22, 1765 Which taxed all kinds of printed paper /documents from wills licences, newspapers, diplomas, even playing cards. There have to pay for any printing, the colonists could not take any more so they started speaking not against the new taxes.in October of 1765, nine of colonies sent their representatives to new york city to discuss what they thought of the stamp act, they decided that the stamp act and all the other taxation laws were illegal since the colonies were not represented in the british parliament. The Declaratory Acts (March 18, 1766) Insisted that parliament retained full power to make laws for the colonies â€Å"in all cases whatever Establish that Britain had the right to tax the colonies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ the said colonies and planations in America have been,are and of right ought to be subordinate unto and dependent upon the imperial crown and parliament of great britains† The Townshend Acts (1787) The parliament passed a new series of taxes called the Townshend acts.american colonists now had to pay taxes on a number of popular british goods that they imported from English, these included items such as tea,paints,glass,ink and dyes so that there can able to pay the salaries of the judges and governors. Though these taxes were actually quite small,the outcry from many American leaders were huge. The taxes were imposed to help make the colonial officials independent of the colonist and induded duties on glass, paper and tea. Smugglers increased their activities to avoid the tax leading to more troops in boston. The Tea Acts (1773) It was a act of the parliament of great britain.its principa overt objective was reduce the massive surplus of tea held by financially troubled British east India company in its London warehouses and help the struggling company survive. A related objective was to undercut the price of illegal tea, smuggled into Britain’s worth American colonies. This was supposed to convince the colonists to purchase company tea to North America and the right to the duty-free export of tea from Britain, although the tax imposed by the Townshend acts and collected in the colonies remained in force, it received the royal assent on may 10, 1773 Colonists in the thirtheen colonies recognised the implications of the act’s provisions, and coalition of merchants,smugglers and artisans similar to that which had opposed the stamp act 1765 mobilized opposition to delivery and distribution of the tea. The company’s authorised consignees were harassed, and in many colonies successful efforts were made to prevent the tea from being landed.in boston, this resistance culminated in the boston tea party on December 16, 1773, when colonists (some disguised as native americans) boarded tea ships anchored in the harbour and dumped their tea cargo overboard.parliamentary reaction to this event included passage of the coercive acts, Coercive acts: designed to punish Massachusetts for its resistance, and the appointment of general Thomas gage as royal governor of Massachusetts.these actions further raised tensions that broke out into the American war of independence in april 1775. The intolerable acts In response to the bosten tea party, the king imposed the intolerable acts The major causes of the American revolution, the intolerable acts were the boston party act, closing the port of boston until the dutch east India company been repaid for the destroyed tea The Massachusetts government act, allowing royal officials to be tried in Britain if the king felt it necessary for fair justice; The quartering act, ordering the colonies to provide lodging for british soldiers The Quà ©bec act, expanding british territory in Canada and guaranteeing the free practice of roman Catholicism The declaration of independence The declaration opens with a preamble describing the document’s necessity in explaining why the colonies have overthrown their place as a separate nation in the world. All men are created equal and there are certain unalienable rights that governments should never violate.these rights include the right to life,liberty and the pursuit of happiness.when a government fails to protect those rights, it is not only the right,but also the duty of the people to ovefrthrow that government.in its place,the people should establish a government that is designed to protect those rights.governenrs are rarely overthrown,and should not be overthrown for trival reasons.in this case,a long history of abuses had led the colonists to overthrow a tyrannical government. The king of great Britain,george111,is guilty of 27 specific abuses.the king interfered with the colonists right to self-government and for a fair judicial system.acting with parliament,the king also instituted legislation that affected the colonies without their consent.this legislation levied taxes on the colonists.it also required hem to quarter british soldiers,removed their right to trail by jury,and prevented them from trading freely,additionally,the king and parliament are guilty of outright destruction of American life and property by their refusal to protect the colonies borders,their confiscation of American ships at sea,and their intent to hire foreign mercenaries to fight against the colonists. The colonial governments tried to reach a peaceful reconciliation of these differences with great Britain,but were continually ignored.colonists who appealed to british citizens were similarly ignored,despite their shared common heritage and their just cause.after many peaceful attempts,the colonists have no choice but to declare independence from great Britain The new nation will be called the united states of America and will have no further connections with great Britain.the new government will reserve the right to levy war,make peace, make alliances with foreign nations ,conduct trade and do anything else that nations do. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION The French revolution was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France from 1789 to 1799 that profoundly affected French, marking the decline of powerful monarchies and the rise of democracy and nationalism. Popular resentment of the privileges enjoyed by the clergy and aristocracy grew during a financial crisis following two expensive wars and years of bad harvests.demands for change were formulated in terms of enlightenment ideals and caused the covocation of the estates-general in may 1789.the first year of the revolution saw members of the third estate taking control,the assault in july,the passage of declaration of the rights of man and citizen in august,and a women’s march on versailes that forced the royal court back to paris in October.a central event of the first stage was the abolition of feudalism and the old rules,taxes,courts and privileges left over from the age of feudalism on 4 August 1789.yhe next stage was dominated by struggles between various liberal assemblies and right-wing supporters of the monarchy intent on thwarting major reforms.a republic was proclaimed in September 1792 in a momentous event that led to international condemnation. The king Louis xiv was executed on 21 january 1793. External threats closely shaped the course of the revolution. The revolutionary wars beginning in 1792 ultimately featured French victories that facilitated the conquest of the Italian peninsula, the low countries and most territories west of rhine –achievements that had eluded previous French governments for centuries.internally,popular agitation radicalized therevolution significantly,culminating in the rise of maximilien Robespierre and the jacobins.the dictatorship imposed by the committee of public safety during the reign of terror,from 1793 until 1794,caused up to 40,000 deaths inside france abolished slavery in the colonies and secured the borders of the new republic from its enemies.the reign of terror ended with the overthrow and executive of Robespierre and the other leading jacobins in the thermidorian reaction,an executive council known as the directory then assumed control of the French state in 1795 and held power until 1799.dogged by charges of corruption,the di rectory collapsed in a coup led by napoleon Bonaparte in 1799,widely seen as the final year of the revolution,napoleon went on to establish the consulate and later the first empire,setting the stage for a wider array of global conflicts in the Napoleonic wars. The modern era has unfolded in the shadow of the French revolution.french society itself underwent a transformation as feudal,aristocratic and religious privileges disappeared and old ideas about tradition and hierarchy were abruptly overthrown under the mantra of literate,egalite,fraternite.globally.the revolution accelerated the rise of republics and democracies,the liberalism,nationalism,socialism and secularism, the development of modern political ideologies and the practice of total war some of its central document. CAUSES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION (1) International: struggle for hegemony and empire outstrips the fiscal resources of the state (2) political conflict: conflict between the monarchy and the nobility over throw†reforms†of the tax system led to paralysis and bankruptcy. (3) Social antagonisms between two groups the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie (4) Ineffective ruler: Louis xvi, he was a poor leadership that was not performing his function as a king. (5) economic hardship, especially the agrarian crisis of 1788-89 generates generates popular discontent and disorders caused by food shortages. Financial crisis was the major and main problem why the French people raise for a change that lead to revolution. The people were having problem of poor harvest and so many people were going hungry and the king was not even showing any concern, the king was just spending carelessly, while the people of France was starving and surviving. The similarities between the French and American revolution. Both were by a clique of wealthy bourgeois anxious to pay less tax. Both used propaganda to enlist the common people as foot soldiers of the revolt: in one case the rights of man; in the other, the parallel pious platitudes in the declaration of independence Both were equally hypocritical Both were been oppressed and treated badly Both were not impress with their government/rule and wanted a change. The American and French revolution made a lot of impact in the life of people all over the world, it makes us understand that we just don’t sit down and watch when our government are not doing what there supposed to do. Everybody want a change for good.

A Theory of Justice Presented by John Rawls Essay -- inequalities, f

In A Theory of Justice John Rawls presents his argument for justice and inequality. Rawls theorizes that in the original position, a hypothetical state where people reason without bias, they would agree to live in a society based on two principles of justice (Rawls 1971, 4). These two principles of justice are named the first and second principles. The first is the equal rights and liberties principle. The second is a combination of the difference principle and the fair equality of opportunity principle, or FEOP (Rawls 1971, 53). Rawls argues that inequality will always be inevitable in any society (Rawls 1971, 7). For example, there will always be a varied distribution of social and economic advantages. Some people will be wealthier than others and some will hold places of greater importance in society. Rawls’s argument is that to ensure the stability of society the two principles of justice are needed to govern the assignment of rights and regulate the inequality (Rawls 1971 , 53). Any infringement of an individuals rights or inequality outside the parameters of the principles of justice are unjust. In order to understand Rawls, one has to understand the theoretical concept of the original position. It lays the groundwork for Rawls’s argument by providing a foundation for society. Calling it a state where people reason without bias is a very general definition that does not at all fully explain all of the different aspects of the original position. The original position, according to Rawls, has to do with a social contract (Rawls 1971, 11). People agree to rules in society that are pursuant to their own general well being. However, they decide on these rules behind what Rawls calls a veil of ignorance. Behind this veil of ignor... ... his principles of justice to evaluate such an inequality. If rights were not being infringed then he would immediately move on to the second principle criteria. In this scenario, if the workers were getting the greatest benefit then the inequality presented would be justified. For example, if the corporation were putting the increased profits into safer equipment for its workers, or providing insurance, compensation, etc. then it could be said that the inequality is justified. However, if the corporation were keeping it’s profits then the workers are least advantaged, but not getting the greatest benefit, so the inequality would be unjust in Rawls eyes. Allowing the inequality to continue would lead to instability in society and it would violate Rawls’s principles. â€Æ' Works Cited Rawls, John. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Belknap of Harvard UP, 1971. Print.

Elvis: Americas King :: essays research papers

America’s King Elvis Presley may be the single most important figure in American 20th century popular music. Not necessarily the best and certainly not the most consistent. But no one could argue with the fact that he was the musician most responsible for popularizing rock & roll on an international level. Viewed in cold sales figures, his impact was phenomenal. Dozens upon dozens of international smashes from the mid-'50s to the mid-'70s, as well as the steady sales of his catalog and reissues since his death in 1977, may make him the single highest-selling performer in history. More important from a music lover's perspective, however, are his remarkable artistic achievements. Presley was not the very first white man to sing rhythm & blues; Bill Haley predated him in that regard, and there may have been others as well. Elvis was certainly the first, however, to assertively fuse country and blues music into the style known as rockabilly. While rockabilly arrangements were the foundations of his first (and possibly best) recordings, Presley could not have become a mainstream superstar without a much more varied palette that also incorporated pop, gospel, and even some bits of bluegrass and operatic schmaltz here and there. His 1950s recordings established the basic language of rock & roll; his explosive and sexual stage presence set standards for the music's visual image; his vocals were incredibly powerful and versatile. Unfortunately, to much of the public, Elvis is more icon than artist. Innumerable bad Hollywood movies, increasingly caricatured records and mannerisms, and a personal life that became steadily more sheltered from real-world concerns (and steadily more bizarre) gave his story a somewhat mythic status. By the time of his death, he'd become more a symbol of gross Americana than of cultural innovation. The continued speculation about his incredible career has sustained interest in his life, and supported a large tourist/entertainment industry, that may last indefinitely, even if the fascination is fueled more by his celebrity than his music. Born to a poor Mississippi family in the heart of Depression, Elvis had moved to Memphis by his teens, where he absorbed the vibrant melting pot of Southern popular music in the form of blues, country, bluegrass, and gospel. After graduating from high school, he became a truck driver, rarely if ever singing in public. Some 1953 and 1954 demos, recorded at the emerging Sun label in Memphis primarily for Elvis' own pleasure, helped stir interest on the part of Sun owner Sam Phillips.

Cystic Fibrosis Essay example -- essays research papers

Cystic Fibrosis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive trait on chromosome 7. This disorder affects chloride transport resulting in abnormal mucus production. This lifelong illness usually gets more severe with age and can affect both males and females. Symptoms and severity differ from person to person. Cystic fibrosis is the most common fatal inherited disease among whites and the major cause of chronic lung disease in children. 50% of people are expected to live to be 30, but a majority die before age thirteen. 1:2000 whites have cystic fibrosis, 1:17000 blacks, 1:6000 live births, 1:2500 Americans, and 1:20 is a carrier.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The genes are inherited in pairs, with one gene coming from each parent to make the pair. Cystic fibrosis occurs when both genes have mutations. A person with cystic fibrosis receives one cystic fibrosis gene from each parent. The parents of a child, with cystic fibrosis, each carry one nonworking copy of the gene and one working copy of the gene. The parents are called cystic fibrosis carriers, and because they have one working gene they have no symptoms. Carrier parents have 1:4 chance to have a child who is a noncarrier of cystic fibrosis, a 1:2 chance to have a child who carries the gene, and a 1:4 chance with each pregnancy to have an affected child. If you have a son or daughter with cystic fibrosis, then you have a 1:1 chance of being a carrier. If you have a brother or sister with CF, you have a 2:3 chance of being a carrier. If you have a niece or nephew with CF, you have a 1:2 chance of being a carrier. If you have an aunt or uncle with CF, you have a 1:3 chance of being a carrier and a 1:4 chance if you have a 1st cousin with CF.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cystic fibrosis affects the lungs in particular. The secretions are thick and sticky rather than thin and watery. This interferes with the removal of dust and germs. It can lead to lung infections and even chronic lung damage. Air passages become clogged with mucus and there is often widespread obstruction of the bronchioles. Expiration is especially difficult. More and more air becomes trapped in the lungs, which results in obstructive emphysema. Atelectasis can occur leaving small areas collapsed. Eventually the chest assumes a barrel shape. The right ventricle, which supplies the lungs, may become strain... ...gerate and be demanding for attention.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Parents may have knowledge deficit and may need a lot of teaching and explanation. One of the misconception parents have is that their child's intelligence is greatly decreased. Intelligence is not affected. Parents often feel guilty, since this is an inherited disease. The child spends the majority of his time at home due to this lengthy illness. The child is also hospitalized for complications although stays are short to prevent exposure to other infections and illnesses. This puts a financial, physical, and emotional burden on the family. When do the parents find time for each other, themselves, or other children? How do they distribute their time and energy equally and fairly? Parents need encouragement and reassurance. They also need explicit instructions. Parent groups can help along with the Nat'l CF Research Foundation and the 1-800-FIGHT-CF hotline. Parents usually need help from a social worker and financial help for special equipment. Insist parents to get help from other family members or friends and encourage them to get away from it all periodically. Alarm clocks can remind them of medication times.

Description of Croquet The Internet Essay

In Victorian England, the game croquet was a completely neutral area where social ranking and gender did not matter, and about which people could interact without inhibition. For the past few years, it has been the goal of a research team of bright and visionary industry gurus, namely, Julian Lombardi, Mark McCahill, Andreas Raab, David Reed, and David Smith, to capture that sense of interactivity and bring it to the Internet. Their tool for doing so is Croquet, an open-source software system where information can be shared and converted into a three-dimensional framework. In the current paper, I intend to briefly define Croquet, present its applications and impact on cyberspace, and expound on its regulability and sociability as discussed by Lessig and Castells. Description of Croquet The Internet, for all its information and supposed interactivity, existed only as what Lombardi described as a â€Å"high-speed textbook†. Even though speed and quality of the hardware has improved drastically, the medium is still the same: information is displayed as if it was on a sheet of paper. Croquet developers tried to solve this problem and finally showed how they were making the Internet do its job differently. They opened with a 3-D courtyard dubbed the â€Å"Cirque du Croquet†. Croquet is focused on interaction within a 3D shared space and is a new open source computer operating system built from the ground up to enable deep collaboration among teams of users (Smith, Kay, Raab, & Reed, 2003). As such, it is fundamentally based on user space and users’ needs. Applications of Croquet Personally, I find it hard to imagine this 3D space as a true day-to-day working environment. It seems a bigger leap from the milestone we made from evolving from paper-based print to green screen interfaces, and from those old green screens to Windows. Then again, I am quite certain that it is not that big a leap to the generations that have been brought up with intense exposure to computer games in 3D environments – in stark contrast against Super Mario 2, Tetris, or Pac Man. I am willing to believe that this represents a valid scenario for the next shift— indeed, we have only been through a few generations of this web world, and the change continues to be markedly rapid. Inside Croquet, each avatar can make changes – move a virtual mirror, make changes to a document or spreadsheet, upload a picture and play a game of chess – and all of the changes are displayed to the other person in real time. Moreover, users can build a completely new space and move into it using arrow keys and the mouse. This new space can be either public or private, and users can place more information or graphics or even the link to an invisible page inside. Croquet’s 3D makeup also allows for more flexibility than existing online systems. Since windows can be tilted for a 360-degree view, it provides a perspective angle of flash animation. Basic paint programs can also render a new figure inside the software easily, as Lombardi (n. d. ) demonstrated by drawing a crude shark, which was instantly visible in a 3-D fishtank instantly. For a practical example, I Croquet may possibly be applied in a hospital setting. Croquet’s interactivity would be useful in fields like healthcare where poor communication is a major issue. A virtual tool like Croquet would give physicians a different way of organizing their information and test it out, while at the same time communicating with other doctors and modifying the data collectively. Moreover, since Croquet was designed as a highly modifiable environment, developers may intend and be able to add new tools and capabilities. Cyberspace Cyberspace is about making a different (or second) life (Lessig, 2006 – ensure that this is indicated in the references page). Croquet is basically Second Life, and much more. From an optimistic viewpoint, Croquet can be a private network. In other words, only those you want in your space can get in there. On the other hand, Second life sometimes violates the right of privacy of users by requiring them give their information to third party sources. Secondly, Croquet is probably more eye candy than anything else, but there are live snapshots of other virtual environments. This is the equivalent of bookmarks, but live pictures of what is going on at those other places. It would be great since the user would be privy about other people’s whereabouts without having to actually go there. In fact, Tanaka (2003) has expounded on this feature of Croquet, presenting it as an effectual means of processing hypermedia. He has specifically explored the concept of portals that pose strong promise in buiilding digital libraries of the future. In addition, in contrast with HTML, Croquet allows the viewing of spaces by users, and the movement of such portals. Users may also use these portals as bookmarks, allowing the memorization of this target space (Tanaka, 2003, p. 2). Lastly, Croquet is a complete 3D workspace that allows for co-creativity, knowledge sharing and deep social presence among large numbers of people at a time (Tanaka, 2003). On the other hand, from pessimistic view, I am worried about the ease of use of Croquet. Yes, the people who designed it could navigate and get around, but it looks a bit more complicated than Second Life. There are certain questions that are left unanswered at this point. For instance, are there logs of everything that happens? What about the ability to lock down certain aspects of the world. If every user can manipulate and change an environment can a student accidentally/deliberately delete a world a teacher creates? The answers to these questions point to aspects of control that must be explicitly answered, whilst the advantages of Croquet seem apparent. The degree of control that a user has on these powerful aspects of Croquet may partly determine how aptly users will utilize it. Regulability One other issue of the effectuality of Croquet is its regulability. For instance, the creation of â€Å"open† and globally scalable social computing spaces can cause some to ask the following: To what extent will we need to impose â€Å"rules† on people’s behaviors in such spaces? What types of â€Å"rules† are necessary? Who will come up with such â€Å"rules† and how will they be enforced? How can we find a balance between personal liberty and the need for regulating behaviors in â€Å"open† cyberspaces? These are but some of the sensitive issues that have to be explicitly dealt with before the full, successful launch of Croquet is possible. Life in cyberspace is regulated primarily through the code of cyberspace (Lessig, 2006). I think Croquet as it is being developed now does not have regulability as a central concern. However, over time, if Croquet spreads and increases in popularity, users will begin to realize the importance of and build regulability back in. Croquet’s users/developers may freely share, modify and view the source code of the entire system. In other words, users can make their own regulability in their worlds. The single biggest reason why Croquet will become the future operating system is that the users can run and modify the code that the worlds are built on and they can integrate their own application. While Croquet seems to be the perfect tool for encouraging knowledge sharing and creativity, a structure for regulating it must be clearly defined to be able to ensure its success. There may be areas that seem vague at the moment, including the rules that should regulate it, the enforcing parties, and the level of control that the system must accorded to its users. The fact that regulability seems to rely solely on the hands of users may be both risky and dangerous – and is an aspect that must be seriously dealt with by the system’s advocates. Sociability The spread of Internet is making social exchanges based on fake identities and role-playing (Castells, 2001 – make sure this source is indicated in your bibliography). Those of us who have participated heavily in online communities over the years have substantial experience in dealing with imposters, forgers, and the ever-present anonymous cowards who can disrupt meaningful discourse. Effective online educational environments must be efficiently insulated from such craft. The Croquet project team is looking into integrating federated identity management system. By doing so, Croquet users who use their own institutional login/password could access protected resources in Croquet places that are hosted by other communities. Federate identity management system would provide numerous benefits to the educational and institutional use of Croquet. For example, multiple institutions could cooperate in creating restricted access learning environments in which students and educators from those institutions could interact and learn – without the need for each institution to set up an account for all the users of such spaces. A side benefit of this is that Fair Use limitation provisions on copyright laws would allow copyrightable materials to be distributed in such spaces – a feature that is really important to educators (and is probably one of the main reasons that academic institutions employ the use of cumbersome Course Management Systems over plain old websites, blogs, and wikis). Conclusion The current paper began with a brief introduction of Croquet, presenting it as a new soft ware that allows users to interact within a three-dimensional shared space, and which seems to be tailor fit to user space and their needs. This new software will allow each avatar to make changes that shall be displayed in 3D format, in real time. Croquet also holds promise to settings that require intensive interactivity, such as in hospital settings – the software prospectively allows doctors to communicate and change data collaboratively. Both the negative and positive aspects of Croquet as a channel in cyberspace has been presented. On a positive note, it may be used as a private network, an effective hypermedia processor, and a channel that encourages knowledge sharing, creativity and interaction. On the other hand, it may pose risks against users’ right to privacy, and has obvious ambivalent problems with regards to regulability and sociability. In our library and information space, we can see how our special information expertise contributes to the success of our users and the teams we work in and with. If Croquet is inevitable, we had better be early adopters. In order to use this Croquet scenario effectively, in our own visioning sessions, we can use it as a framework to think about what our future workspaces, offices, and intranets will look like. What skills will we need? What skills do we already have that will increase in importance? How can information be delivered in this environment? How do we increase our relevance in this kind of space? Good questions and ones that we should struggle to understand now and not much later when we have already been immersed in the wave of change. References Lombardi, J. (n. d. ) Socio-computational systems, virtual environments, learning contexts, and the Croquet Project. Retreived on January 31, 2008 from http://jlombardi. blogspot. com Smith, D. , Kay, A. , Raab, A. , & Reed, P. (2003). Croquet – a collaboration system architecture. IEEE Conference on Creating, Connecting and Collaborating through Computing, 2. Tanaka, K. (2003). Tea-time museum: Croquet as a browsing and searching environment for digital libraries. IEEE Conference on Creating, Connecting and Collaborating through Computing, 12.

Coin Opreated Vending Machine Based on Microcontroller

average vending machines are commonplace at railway stations, airports, fast-food restaurants and even in companies. Press a switch and the machine delivers a cup of your favorite drink. This looks quite a simple operation but has a very complex logic behind it: It involves use of twelve precision timers and four counters apart from physical devices like display, solenoid and motor to deliver water and premixed tea/coffee/soup powder in exact quantity for better taste and in exact sequence.This has become possible because of the use of micro controllers, which allow compact size, higher reliability, lower cost and multiple functionalists. This tea/coffee/soup vending machine controller uses Free-scale latest AT89S52   micro controller chip. The controller is programmable and user friendly. You can set the quantity of the beverages through a button switch provided on the front panel of the controller as per your requirements. Thus, cups of any size can be filled at any time. But you can insert a 10RS.Coin in the system then is working. For human beings, recognizing if a coin is real is pretty easy. We can look at the coin, weigh it in our hand, feel the temperature, listen to it hit the floor, etc. If someone handed you a coin replica made of plastic, you would immediately know it is fake even if it looked authentic to your eyes. If someone handed you a blank steel slug, it would obviously be â€Å"not a coin† because it wouldn’t look like a coin at all. What we take for granted as humans is not so easy for a vending machine.A vending machine needs a relatively inexpensive way to detect if a coin is real. Circuit Diagram: Block Diagram: http://ayusdumaru. blogspot. in/p/vending-machine. html http://www. docstoc. com/docs/134527341/Coin-operated-vending-machine http://www. scribd. com/doc/13916969/Ece-10-Documentation-Vending-Machine Be it schools, colleges or commercial establishments, vending machines, also known as automatic retailing, are ever ywhere. Most of the time, vending machines are used to sell beverages like tea, coffee and sodas, candies, snacks, gumballs, lottery tickets etc. o people. If you look at the history of vending machines, it is believed that the first such machine was actually invented way back in 215 BC by a Greek mathematician and used in Egyptian temples to dispense holy water! Thereafter, the first commercial vending machine was installed in 1880 in England, which was coin operated and sold postcards. It was only in the year 1888, that vending machine business made an entry into New York, America by way of the Thomas Adams Gum Company, which installed these machines at the subway platforms in New York City and sold gum.After that, there has been a no looking back, with everything, right from postcards, cigarettes, sodas, snacks, being provided through them to the customers, with just the push of a button! People would have thought that there can be nothing as convenient as these machines, but now , looking at what the vending machines of the future promise, this thinking will certainly get changed. Let us know something interesting about the future vending machines. Machines that Recognizes Age and Sex!Believe it or not, but there are vending machines installed at a Station in Tokyo, Japan, which can actually recognize a person's age and sex and suggest options accordingly. They have inbuilt cameras which recognize the activities taking place outside the machine. This machine comes with a 47-inch touch panel display, instead of the push-button system which are the usual fare with vending machines. They are controlled by a centralized server, which are in turn monitored by the vending company. When a customer comes in this machine's vicinity, images of various drinks are displayed on the screen.The machine will sense the customer's age and sex and then recommend a few drinks according to that. Also, if the customer wants some more information on a particular drink, such as it s nutritional information, they can actually zoom in and get it! These machines are godsend for marketers as when nobody is within a ten foot radius of these machines, their screens display advertisements! No More Credit Cards! A Massachusetts company who is into manufacturing vending machines, proclaims that soon there will be biometric vending machines introduced in the market.These biometric machines will recognize a person through his fingerprints. Through these customers can actually connect a credit card to the imprint of their thumb! The Massachusetts company predicts that such machines, which make the customers feel engaged will be the new future of vending machines. There are also some talks going around that certain vending machines are being manufactured and tested which will allow retinal scans of the customers. The customers will thus be recognized through their retinas and thereafter, charged for their vending machine purchases.A very useful feature of these vending ma chines, for companies who have installed them, is that they will come with Ethernet connections. This will enable them to recognize real fast when the machine needs to be re-stocked. Also, if the machine is somehow not working properly due to a coin being stuck in it, the monitors will report it immediately and the same fault can be corrected within no time. It is believed that these machines will get installed within the next one year. Looking at their benefits, they are indeed a â€Å"win-win† for customers, companies as well as advertisers!Read more at Buzzle:  http://www. buzzle. com/articles/vending-machines-of-the-future. html The Advantages and Disadvantages of Vending  Machines Vending machines are the most easy to use produce of the recent years. A cashier is ultimately unnecessary when it comes to vending machines, and yet it delivers food of all sorts. All you have to do is to fill the coin slot with the right amount of money, press the button according to what you desire to obtain, and then it comes right out of the machine. Pressing some button is all that it takes for you to gain satisfaction whenever you are hungry.It was already several decades back when the concept of vending machines came to life; it was when a mathematician put a coin in a machine slot, which eventually handed out water. During the industrial era, the use of vending machines have been taken advantaged by the public for the reason that these machines were already positioned in universities, hallways, and in workplaces. It is for the reason that  vending machines  provide you with your necessities almost instantly, that people consider it as a very much reliable choice.Not all people think of that, unfortunately; there are those who consider vending machines as tools that let you waste your hard-earned money to its costly products. People also are indeed dreadful when the item that they want to purchase gets stuck in the machine. This further proves that vending machines can both be beneficial and a waste of time for some people. The greatest benefit of these vending machines is that they are very versatile and convenient. When you find yourself in the middle of closed shops, with a hungry stomach, a vending machine can really come in handy.When you do not have the time in your hands, and you really need something to eat, these vending machines can be the sole answer to your problems. When you talk about vending machines, costly items always come with it, making this one of its major disadvantages. Compared to items being sold in other stores, those items that are on vending machines are way on the high-priced spectrum. Therefore, if you want to, then do not stop yourself from spending so much. Another disadvantage is the harmful snacks that they offer.Teenagers almost always patronize these unhealthy snacks that are constantly available in vending machines. Studies have shown that a great deal of foods and beverages in these machines are low in nutritional values. After knowing the different advantages and disadvantages of  vending machines, only you can make the final decision whether or not you still want to continue using it. Some people may have conflicting ideas when this topic arises. Nevertheless, what matters most is that you learn to stand on what you believe in. Besides, these machines have been designed to increase our comfort, with no other harm intended.

Rhetorical Modes

Associate Program Material Appendix C Rhetorical Modes Matrix Rhetorical modes are methods for effectively communicating through language and writing. Complete the following chart to identify the purpose and structure of the various rhetorical modes used in academic writing. Provide at least 2 tips for writing each type of rhetorical device. |Rhetorical Mode |Purpose – Explain when or why |Structure – Explain what organizational |Provide 2 tips for writing in | | |each rhetorical mode is used. method works best with each rhetorical mode. |each rhetorical mode. | |Narration |The purpose of a narration is |Narrations are usually best told in |First ask yourself if you want | | |to tell stories. Narrations can |chronological order. Chronological order is |to write about fiction or | | |be factual or fictional, either |the order in which events are told from |non-fiction. | | |way, they should engage the |beginning to end. Start with a strong | | |readers emotionally. | |in troduction to hook your | | | | |readers. | | |An illustration clearly |The structure that works best with an |First decide on an interesting | |Illustration |demonstrates and supports a |illustration is by order of importance. Order|topic. | |point through the use of |of importance is the organizational method |Gather evidence that works in | | |evidence. |that arranges ideas by order of importance. |conjunction with your subject | | | | |and also engages the audience. | | | | | | Description |The purpose of description in |Descriptive essays are best told by spatial |Choose a subject that you wish | | |writing is to make sure the |order. Spatial order is the arrangement of |to describe, such as a person, | | |readers are fully in tune with |ideas based on physical characteristics or |place, or event. | | |the words on the page. appearance. |Fill every part of your essay | | | | |with full vivid sensory | | | | |details, which include alll of | | | | |the five senses. |Classificati on |The purpose of classification is|Classification essays are organized by its |Choose a topic you know a lot | | |to break down wide ranging |subcategories. It begins with an introduction|about. The more you know about | | |subjects into smaller, more |that introduces the broader topic and then |a topic the easier it will be | | |specific and manageable parts. |the thesis should include how and why the |to break down into groups. | | |topic is divided into subcategories and why. |Make sure you break down each | | | | |topic into three different | | | | |ways, it will help you to think| | | | |more originally . |Process |The purpose of process analysis |A process analysis essay is usually organized|You want to choose a topic that| |analysis |is to explain how something |by chronological order. The steps of the |is interesting, complex, and | | |works and how to do something. |process are told by the order in which they |can be conveyed in a series of | | | |occur. |steps. | | | |Ch oose a process that you know | | | | |well enough to describe the | | | | |finer details in each step of | | | | |the process. |Definition |The purpose of a definition |A definition essay is organized by opening |Choose a word or phrase complex| | |essay is to define a topic in a |with a general description of the term you |enough to write about at length| | |detailed and informative manner. |are defining. Then, you use your definition |or of personal revelance to be | | | |of the term as your thesis. You should also |considered engaging and | | | |use details and examples for the body, and |interesting. | | | |then tie in all the elements of the term and |The context of the term affects| | | |reinforce your thesis to conclude your essay. |the meaning and the definition. | | | | | | | | | | |Compare and |The purpose of a compare and |Compare and contrast essays can be organized |The thesis should clearly | |contrast |contrast essay is to analyze two|by the subjects themselves, first one then |convey why the subjects are | | |subjects that either compares or|the other, or by their individual points, |being compared or contrasted | | |contrasts them or does both. |which discusses each subject in regards to |and what will be learned from | | | |each point. |it. | | | | |Use phrase of comparison or | | | | |contrast to let readers know | | | |how the subjects are being | | | | |analyzed. | |Cause and |Cause and effect essays |There are two key ways that cause and effect |Choose an ev ent that has an | |effect |determine how various events |essays are organized. The first way is by |interesting cause and effect | | |are related. |beginning with the cause and then the effect |relationship, and introduce it | | | |or vice versa, you can begin with the effect |in an engaging way. | | | |and then the cause. Clearly explain and support the| | | | |causes and effects you discuss | | | | |with a wide range of evidence. | |Persuasion |The purpose of persuasion is to |A persuasion essay is made up of five |A thesis that clearly conveys | | |motivate, convince or sway |features. The first feature is the |the opinion of the writer in | | |readers to a certain point of |introduction and thesis. The second feature |clear, consise terms makes for | | |view or opinion. |is opposing and qualifying ideas. a better argument than one that| | | |The third feature is strong evidence in |is vague. | | | |support of the claim. |Be careful of the use of I in | | | |The fourth feature is the style and tone of |your writing, because it can | | | |the language you are using. Lastly, is a |make you seem overly biased and| | | |compelling conclusion. |it takes away from the topic at| | | | |hand. |